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LinuxvishellLinux5ƒLinuxƒLinux6UNIXtime-stampUNICSSep1969UNIXTime-SharingSystemFirstEdition(V1)Nov3,1971V6May1976...BSD1977Version71979......SystemVRelease4(SVR4)19884.4BSD1993...FreeBSD5.1Jun9,2003OpenBSD3.4betaAug11,2003MacOSX10.2.7Aug18,2003Solaris10PreviewJul29,2003SCOUnixWare7.1.3/OKPJul31,2003IRIX6.5.20May7,2003NetBSD1.6.1Apr14,2003BSD/OS5.0(BSDI)May2,2003AIX5Lv5.2UpdateMay23,2003HP-UX11iv2forIntelItaniumMay19,2003TrueUnixV5.1BJan20,20037LinusTorvaldsAlanCox1969.12.28Helsinki,FinlandRichardStallmanEricRaymondGnu(GnuisNotUnix),FSF8Linusversion2.09OpenSourceOpenSource10OpenSource11OpenSource://://://://://ƒƒƒ13Linuxƒ(Distributions)(SuSE,SCO,TurboLinux,Conectivia)14kernel2.4.18-42.5.23-32/patch2.4.222003829beta2.6.0-test42003829•BourneShellshSteveBourne•BourneAgainShellbash•KornShellkshKorn•CShellcshBSD•tcshtcshBSD–Shell----bash–Shell17LinuxƒWindowsLinuxƒƒƒshell19ƒrootƒƒƒLinux20rootƒrootUNIX„script21ƒtelnetƒƒNIS(NetworkInformationSystem)rsh22telnetVIPVIPIPIPLogin:rootPassword:23#rshc0305(rsh,c0305)$exit$logoutctrl-D$%,#24ƒ:passwd$passwdyangkun’soldpassword:yangkun’snewpassword:Enterthenewpasswordagain:25ƒ$commandoptionsargumentsƒ$ls–lnewsƒ$mail-fnewmail()$mail-fnewmail()ƒ$mail-fnewmail()$mailnewmail-f()„options$who-m-u$who-mu()$who-m-u$who-mu()26ƒshellEnterƒshelllsLSLslSƒ“\”Enter“”27ƒCtrl-cƒCtrl-dƒCtrl-sƒCtrl-qƒCtrl-uƒCtrl-lƒbackspace29ƒLinuxƒƒƒƒ30share/usr/etc/home/bin/tmp/varzhangyangman/data31Linuxƒ/ƒ/homeƒ/binƒ/sbinƒ/usrƒ/usr/binƒ/usr/sbinƒ/usr/libƒ/usr/docLinuxƒ/usr/manƒ/usr/spool32Linuxƒ/varƒ/devƒ/etc33ƒƒƒƒƒ255ƒ“/”/usr/share/doc34ƒ-inodeindexnode-35Linuxƒ26#@_ƒƒ*?/;$\‘“ƒ+-ƒƒ25536ƒtxt,pdf,jpg…ƒƒ/dev/tty1ƒ#file//37ƒƒASCIIƒƒ38ƒ“i/”ƒiiiƒ39ƒ“/”/etc,/usr/shareƒpwd“./”/home/yang“./data/today”“data/today”/home/yang/data/today(/home/yang)$cd/home/yang/data/today$cddata/today$cd./data/today40ƒlsƒpwdƒcdƒmkdirƒrmdir41lsƒlistƒls26ƒ-1-a“.”“.”“..”-l-R42lsƒ[root@lenovo/root]#ls–laƒt[root@lenovo/root]#lst*43pwdƒPrintWorkingDirectoryƒ44cdƒChangingDirectoryƒcdƒcd[]ƒcd~ƒ$cd//$cd~//$cd/usr/share///usr/share$cd..//45mkdirƒMakeDirectoryƒmkdirƒmkdir[-p][-m][]-p-mchmod46mkdir()ƒdata,rwx$mkdir–m777data„/home/yang/data/home#mkdir–p/home/yang/data//shell“#”47rmdirƒRemoveDirectoryƒrmdirƒrmdir[-p][]-pƒnewdatadatanew#rmdir–pnew/data48ƒcpƒmvƒrmƒlnƒfindƒtouch49cpƒcopyƒcpƒcp[]……[]ƒcp–r[][]ƒfile1,file2datadatanew$cpfile1file2data$cpfile*data$cp–rdatanew50mvƒmoveƒmv,ƒƒmv[][]ƒfile1file$mvfile1fileƒdatafile1file2new$mvdata/file1file2/new51rmƒremoveƒƒrm[][]-r-iƒƒfile1$rmfile1ƒ/home/yang/data$rm–rf/home/yang/data52lnƒlinkƒlnƒln[]ƒln[]-s-dƒfile1,file2data,new$ln–s/home/file1/home/file2/home/datanewƒdir3dir4$ln–ddir3dir453findƒfindƒfind[…][]ƒ…ƒƒlocate,whereis54find-atimenn*24-ctimenn*24-aminnn-cminnn-empty-namename-typexx“d”,x“f”x“c”,x“b”,x“p”x“l”,x“s”55findƒ/home7:$find/home-atime7-printƒ/usr/srccore$find/usr/src-namecore-execrm{}\;ƒ/home.jpg100K$find/home-name*.jpg-size100k56touchƒƒtouch[][YY]MMDDhhmm-a-c-tƒtouch$touchfooƒ$touch–t9802231245foo57ƒcatƒmoreƒheadƒtail58catƒconcatenateƒƒcat[][]ƒcat$cat123123ƒ“”file1file2file3$catfile1file2file3file3“”“”59moreƒmore,lessƒmore[][]+/+-nn-cƒfoo“cpu”$more+/cpufooƒfoo10$more–c–10foo60headƒ10ƒhead[]-cNN-nNNƒfoo5$head–5foo61tailƒ10ƒtail[]-cNN-nNN+NN62ƒcommƒdiff63commƒ(incommon)ƒcomm[-123]file1file2-1-2-3„comm$comm–12file1file2file1file2hellohellohellogoodgoodbyehihihi64diffƒdifferencesƒƒdiff[]file1file2-c-Cnn-rƒn1an3,n4n1,n2dn3n1,n2cn3,n4a-d-c-65diffƒ$difffile1file2file1file21hello1hello2c22good2goodbyegood3hi3hi---4Thisisatry.4Metoo.goodbye4c4Thisisatr---Metoo.66ƒchmodƒchownƒchgrp67rwxrwxrwxusergroupothersrwx68usergroupothersrwxrw-r--1111101004+2+14+2+04+0+0764umaskfile-rw-r--r--644directorydrwxr-xr-x75569chmodƒchangemodeƒƒchmod[]ugo+-=70chmodƒfilename$chmod777filenameƒfilename,$chmod644filenameƒ$chmoda+wfilenameƒ$chmodo-wr,g-wrfilenameƒ$chmodo=rfilename71chownƒchangeownerƒchownƒchmod[]-v-r72chgrpƒchangegroupƒchgrpƒchgrp[]-v-rvi74viƒvisualeditorƒexƒUNIXisaFourLetterWord...andViisaTwoLetterAbbreviationƒVim(ViIMproved)75ƒƒ76viƒ#vifilename~~~~“file”[Newfile]77viƒEscCtrl-[ƒ:qƒ:q!viƒ:xviƒ:wqviƒshiftZ:wq78ƒiI(insert)ƒaA(append)ƒoO(open)79up_arrowCtrl+Pk-+left-arrowBackspacehlright-arrowSpacedown-arrowCtrl+Nj80ƒ^0ƒ$ƒ[]G[][Enter]ƒ[]|81ƒxnxnXnXn„ddDdwd0d5G582ƒuƒU83ƒ.#includestdio.hmain(){}84oEsc#includestdio.hmain(){printf();}.#includestdio.hmain(){printf();printf();printf();}85ƒCtrl+UCtrl+DƒCtrl+FCtrl+B