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2001,Apr.22(2):8992CN53-1040/QISSN0254-5853ZoologicalResearchX(810001lzhao@mail1nwipb1ac1cn):3(DEE):;;;;:Q148,Q95811:A:0254-5853(2001)02-0146-08,-;,(Walsberg,1983)2030,(Fisher)(Ricklefs,1996):,,(bioenergetics):30,,,,,(),,12,,,Walsberg(1983)(thermoregulatoryphysiolo2gy);(ecologicalenergetics),,,,Wiens&Farmer(1996)(populationenergetics)2X:2000-10-16:(39270097;39670126),(trade2off),(),11(Wiens&Farmer,1996)Fig11Thefociofpopulationenergeticsandecologicalenergetics(afterWiens&Farmer,1996),,(),Wiens&Farmer(1996),2211Kendeigh(1939,1949)(Troglodytesaedon)(Passerdomesticus),,Brody(1945),,,Kleiber1961,,3(physiologicalenergetics),(Lasiewski&Dawson,1967)70,NULL,,King(1974)7412:,,,Ricklefs(1974),Calder(1974)Tucker(1974),,212(IPB),(ecologicalenergetics)Kendeighetal1(1977)Wiens&Innis(1973,1974)Wiens&Nussbaum(1975)Wiens&Scott(1975),-2132020,Lotka:(Maur2er,1996),Lotka,,,6070,,Cody1966,80,Charlesworth,(fitness)(Ricklefs,1996),,-,()(Ges2saman,1987),,,201996,Carey,2,,,,214,,70,(,1977;,1978;,1979;,1986;,1986a;,1988)(,1987;,1982)(,1987),(1987)80,,(,1982),,(Leucostictebrandti)(,1986)(,1983)(,1990)(,1991a,b,c;,1994):(EMR),(RMR)21%584122,,(Passermontanus)3,2,(Erremophilaalpestris)(Pseudopodoceshumilis)(35),(Acanthisflavi2rostris)(1),(,1995),,(,1988)(,1991c)(,1991a,b)(,1991a,1994)DEE,IBP,,,(1986),,()()()3,,,2(,1991b),,2(reproductiveeffort)(parentalinvest2ment)3,,,,,,:,,2,Wiens&Iinnis(1974)Winer&Glowacinski(1975)Furness(1978,1981),,Wiens&Dyer(1975)(Agelaiusphoeniceus):311(BMR)(RMR)(EMR),(FMR)(Lasiewski&Dawson,1967;Dawson,1982;Dawsonetal1,1985,1992;Daanetal1,1990)-(Walsberg,1978;Kozlowski&Weiner,1997)(Koteia,1991;,1991)312(Utter&LeFebvre,1970;Penny2cuick,1975;Rayner,1979;Flint&Nagy,1984;Tatner&Bryant,1986;Nnorberg,1995)(Heglundetal1,1982;Bennett&Harvey,1987)(Pennycuick,1969;Smithetal1,1986;Blem,1990;LindstrÊm&Piersma,1993)(King,1981;LindstrÊm&Piersma,1993)(Newton,1978;King,1981;Bryantetal1,1985;Williams&Nagy,1984;Weathers&Sullivan,1993)(DEE),9412:313(Ricklefs,1977;Ricklefs&Montevecchi,1979;Sotherland&Rahn,1987;,1988;Arnold,1991)(Haftorn,1978;Walsberg&King,1978a,b;Davisetal1,1984;Brown,1988;Brummerman&Reinertsen,1991)(Nice,1962;Rahn&Ar,1980;Rahn&Hammel,1982;Rahnetal1,1985;Metcalfeetal1,1981;Vlecketal1,1979,1980;Hamilton,1985;Adams,1992;OpdeHipt&Prinzinger,1992)(Wakely,1978;Ricklefsetal1,1980;Roby,1991;1991a;Weathers,1992;Drentetal1,1992)(Hails&Bryant,1979;Weathers&Nagy,1980)314(DEE)(DEE),,,,80,DEE(Walsberg,1978,1983;Weathers&Nagy,1980)(DLW)(FMR)(Nagy,1975,1987),DEE,Bakken(1980,1992)(Te)Walsberg&King(1978a,b),-(TEB)(Weathersetal1,1984)Walsberg1983,Yodzis(1984)Higashietal1(1993),,-,Garby&Larsen(1995)Bioenergetics,,AdamsNJ,1992.Embryonicmetabolism,energybudgets,andcostofpro2ductionofKingPenguinAptenodytespatagonicusandGentooPen2guinPygoscelispapuaeggs[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,A101:497-503.ArnoldTW,1991.IntraclutchvariationineggsizeofAmericanCoots[J].Condor,93:19-27.BakkenGS,1980.Theuseofstandardoperativetemperatureinthestudyofthethermalenergeticsofbirds[J].Physiol.Zool.,53:108-119.BakkenGS,1992.Measurementandapplicationofoperativeandstan2dardoperativetemperaturesinecology[J].Am.Zool.,32:194-216.BennettPM,HarveyPH,1987.Activeandrestingmetabolisminbirds;allometry,phylogenyandecology[J].J.Zool.,213:3363.BlemCR,1990.Avianenergystorage[J].Curr.Ornithol.,7:59-113.BrownCR,1988.Energyexpenditureduringincubationinfourspeciesofsub2AntarcticBurrowingPetrels[J].Ostrich,59:67-70.BrummermanM,ReinertaenR,1991.Adaptationofhomeostaticther2moregulation:comparisonofincubatingandnon2incubatingBantamhens[J].J.Comp.Pysiol.,B161:133-140.BryantDM,HailsCJ,Prys2JonesR,1985.Energyexpenditurebyfree2livingDippers(Cincluscinclus)inwinter[J].Condor,86:177-186.CalderWA,1974.Consequencesofbodysizeforavianenergetics[A].In:odPaynterRA.AvianEnergetics[M].Cambridge:NuttallOr2nith.Club.CodyML,1966.Ageneraltheoryofclutchsize[J].Evolution,20:174-184.DaanS,MasmanD,GroenewoldA,1990.Avianbasalmetabolicrates:theirassociationwithbodycompositionandenergyexpenditureinnature[J].Am.J.Physiol.,259:R333-R340.DavisSD,WilliamsJB,AdamsWJetal,1984.Theeffectofeggtem2peratureonattentivenessintheBeldingsSavannahSparrow[J].Auk,101:556-566.DawsonWR,1982.Evaporativelossesofwaterbybirds[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,71A:495-509.DawsonWR,ButtemerWA,CareyC,1985.AreexaminationofthemetabolicresponseofHouseFinchestotemperature[J].Condor,87:242-427.DawsonWR,CareyC,VantHotTJ,1992.Metabolicaspectsofshiver205122ingthermogenesisinpasserinesduringwinter[J].OrnisScand,23:381-387.DengHL,ZhangXA,1990.Standardmetabolicrateinseveralspeciesofpasserinebirdsinalpinemeadow[J].ActaZoologicaSinica,36(4):377-384.[,,1990.(SMR).,36(4):377384.]DengHL,ZhangXA,1991a.EnergeticsofgrowthinnestlingLong2billedCalandraLark[J].ZoologicalResearch,12(2):175-180.[,,1991a..,12(2):175180.]DengHL,ZhangXA,1991b.StudiesonthegrowthenergeticsinnestlingHornedLarks[J].AlpineMeadowEcosystem,3:189-197.[,,1991b..,3:189197.]DengHL,ZhangXA,1991c.AccumulationandallocationofenergyforHornedLarkintheegg2formingprocess[J].ActaBiologicaPlateauSinica,10:125-134.[