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《包装技术基础》FundamentalsofPackagingTechnology编著：陈满儒教授Unitoneperspectiveonpackaging第一单元透视包装Lesson1AHistoryofPackaging第1课包装发展史WhatisPackaging?1.AdefinitionofpackagingPackagingisbestdescribedasacoordinatedsystemofpreparinggoodsfortransport,distribution,storage,retailing,anduseofthegoods2.Themanythingsapackagemightbeaskedtodo-Packagingisacomplex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,andcontroversialbusinessfunction-Fundamentalfunctionofpackaging:containprotects/preservestransportsinforms/sells.WhatisPackaging?-Packagingfunctionsrangefromtechnicalonestomarketingorientedones(Figure1.1).TechnicalFunctionsMarketingFunctionscontainmeasurecommunicatepromoteprotectdispensedisplaysellpreservestoreinformmotivateFigure1.1Packagingencompassesfunctionsrangingfromthepurelytechnicaltothosethataremarketinginnature-Technicalpackagingprofessionalsneedscienceandengineeringskills,whilemarketingprofessionalsneedartisticandmotivationalunderstanding.WhatisPackaging?3.Howpackagingchangestomeetsociety’sneeds-Packagingisnotarecentphenomenon.-Packagingisanactivitycloselyassociatedwiththeevolutionofsocietyand,canbetracedbacktohumanbeginnings.-Thenature,degree,andamountofpackagingatanystageofasociety’sgrowthreflecttheneeds,culturalpatterns,materialavailabilityandtechnologyofthatsociety.-Astudyofpackaging’schangingrolesandformsoverthecenturiesisastudyofthegrowthofcivilization.-Socialchangesareinevitablyreflectedinthewaywepackage,deliverandconsumegoods.WhatisPackaging?Untilthe1950s,motoroilwasdeliveredinbulktoservicestations,whichinturnmeasureditinto1-quartglassjars;premeasuredoilinmetalcans;-Now,milkdeliveryfromglassbottlestoavarietyofplainandasepticpapercartons,plasticbottlesandflexiblebags;-Tomorrow,howoilormilkwillbedelivered?-environmentallyacceptablepackaging(minimalwaste)-choicesofpetrochemicals,woodpulp,andmetalgoverned-thewaywebuyandconsumeoilormilk-milkdeliveredinrefillablealuminumcans?PrimitivePackaging1.Theoriginsofpackaging-Wedon’tknowwhatthefirstpackagewas,butwecancertainlyspeculate.-Primitivehumans:nomadichunter/gatherers,livedofftheland.Socialgroupingsrestrictedtofamilyunits.-Theywouldhavebeensubjecttothegeographicalmigrationsofanimalsandtheseasonalavailabilityofplantfood.-Suchanextremenomadicexistencedoesnotencouragepropertyaccumulationbeyondwhatcanbecarriedonone’sback.PrimitivePackaging-Primitivepeopleneededcontainmentandcarryingdevices,andoutofthisneedcamethefirst“package”.-awrapofleaves;-ananimalskin;-theshellofanutorgourd;-anaturallyhollowpieceofwood;-thefire-bearerandthe“packaging”offire.PrimitivePackaging2.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-5000B.C.,domesticatedplantsandanimals.-areasonablefoodsupplyinagivenvicinity;-evolutionarystage:supportedlargersocialgroups,gavebirthtosmalltribalvillages;-storageandtransportcontainersneededformilk,honey,seedgrains,nuts,anddriedmeat;-villageswithaccesstodifferentresourcestradedwiththeirneighbors,requiringtransportcontainers;-About250B.C.,theGreekcity-stateperiod,lawthataffectedpackagingenactedPrimitivePackaging3.Earlypackagingmaterials-fabricatedsacks,baskets,andbags,madefrommaterialsofplantoranimalorigin;woodboxesreplacedhollowlogs;aclaybowl,thefire-driedclaypots(thepotteryandceramictrade).4.Thediscoveryofglass-By2500B.C.,ahardinertsubstanceinthefire’sremains;glassbeadsandfiguresmadeinMesopotamia(today’sIraq).-About1500B.C.,theearliesthollowglassobjectsappearedinMesopotamiaandEgypt.PrimitivePackaging-Glasscontainers,theancientpackagingmaterials,core-formedancientEgyptianglasscontainers(Figure1.2).Figure1.2FormingahollowglassvesselaroundacoreFromRomeToTheRenaissance1.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-Manysocietalchangesleadingtothecorrespondingchangesinpackaging:mostlythequalityandquantityofexistingpackagingpractices.2.Theinventionoftheglassblowpipe,woodbarrels-TheRomansinabout50B.C.,theglassblowpipe；-Theblowpipe’sinventionbroughtglassoutofnoblehouseholdsandtemples;-ThefirstwoodenbarrelappearedpossiblyintheAlpineregionsofEurope，oneofthemostcommonpackagingformsformanycenturies.FromRomeToTheRenaissance3.TheDarkAges-TheDarkAges:withtheRomanEmpire’scollapseinabout450A.D.,Europereducedtominorcity-statesmanyestablishedartsandcraftsforgottenorstagnant,the600yearsfollowingthefallofRomebeingsodevoidofsignificantchangethathistoriansrefertothemastheDarkAges.4.Thediscoveryofpaper-InChina,Ts’aiLuniscreditedwithmakingthefirsttruepaperfromtheinnerbarkofmulberrytrees.Thename“paper”giventotheChineseinventionmadeofmattedplantfibers.FromRomeToTheRenaissance5.Ancientprinting-In768,theoldestexistingprintedobjects(JapaneseBuddhistcharms);in868,theoldestexistingbook(theDiamondSutra)printed,foundinTurkistan.6.TheRenaissance-Inabout1100,theEuropeanawoken,neglectedcraftsrevitalized,theartsrevivedandtradeincreased,bythe1500s,theartofprintingborn.-Fundamentalsocialstructuresnotchangedsignificantly:-livedofftheland-typicallyasserfsFromRomeToTheRenaissance-atewhattheyraised,foundorcaught-consumerneeds:nonexistent-manufacturingwasstrictlyacustombusiness-packages:personallycrafted,valuableutensils,andrare