有效的项目管理--不良项目的预防和干预策略

EffectiveProjectManagement:Traditional,Agile,ExtremePresentedby(facilitatorname)ManagingComplexityintheFaceofUncertaintyCh16:PreventionandInterventionStrategiesforDistressedProjectsWhatisadistressedproject?PreventionstrategiesInterventionstrategiesRolesandresponsibilitiesofthePSOwithrespecttodistressedprojectsSummaryofChapter16Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…Whatisadistressedproject?Aprojectthathasexhibitedaperformancetrendthat,ifcontinued,willresultincertainfailure.Aprojectwhoseperformancehasexceededoneormoremetricvaluesandisnowahighriskforfailure.Aprojectthathasrecentlyexperiencedsomesignificantchangethatmayresultinitsfailure.Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…TypicalcausesleadingtodistressedprojectsPoor,inadequate,orNOrequirementsdefinitionInappropriateorinsufficientsponsorshipComplexityofrequirementsnotrecognizedUnwillingnesstomaketoughdecisionsLagbetweenprojectapprovalandkick-offNoplanrevisionaftersignificantcutsinresourcesortimeEstimatesdonewithlittleplanningorthoughtOvercommitmentofstaffresourcesInconsistentclientsign-offNocredibilityinthebaselineplanUnmanageableprojectscopeCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…StrategiesfordealingwithdistressedprojectsPreventionstrategiesInterventionstrategiesCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…PreventionStrategies–Tools,templates,andprocessesRequirementsgatheringWBSconstructionDynamicRiskManagementProcessScopeChangeManagementProcessMilestoneTrendCharts*EarnedValueAnalysis**DetailsprovidedCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…ConservativetrendpatternsFigure16-01Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…Tightercontrollimitsasanearlywarning…Figure16-02Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…EarnedValue–BasicPerformanceIndicesCostPerformanceIndex(CPI)Ameasureofhowclosetheprojectistospendingontheworkperformedtowhatwasplannedtohavebeenspent.SchedulePerformanceIndex(SPI)Ameasureofhowclosetheprojectistoperformingworkasitwasactuallyscheduled.CPI=EV/ACSPI=EV/PVINDEXVALUES1:overbudgetorbehindschedule1:underbudgetoraheadofscheduleCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…EarnedValue–PerformanceIndicesProjectWeek8765493211.00.80.60.41.21.41.6CCCCCCSSSSSSunderbudgetaheadofscheduleoverbudgetbehindscheduleProject:ALPHACh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…TheInterventionProcessAnalyzeCurrentSituationReviseDesiredGoalEvaluateOptionsGenerateRevisedPlanTeamClientTeam/ClientTeam/ClientWherearewe?Wherecanwego?Howcanwegetthere?Howwillwegetthere?Figure16-03Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…Figure16-04StatusoftheCurrentDeliverablesDELIVERABLECOMPLETESTATUSCOMMENTSAYesCompleted2dayslateBNo3daysbehindErrorinspecificationCNo6daysbehindKeyresourcenotavailableDNo12daysbehindKeyresourcenotavailableENo12daysbehindNotyetopenforworkCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCauseAnalysisPROBLEMSTATEMENTREASON#1REASON#2REASON#3WHYWHYWHYWHYCAUSE#1CAUSE#2CAUSE#3CAUSE#5CAUSE#6CAUSE#8CAUSE#7REASON#4CAUSE#4WHYCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCauses–ProjectConception23.1ProjectbasedonunrealisticbusinesscaseProjectisbasedonexecutiveleverageClientcannotclearlydefineobjectivesProjectbasedonstate-of-the-artandimmaturetechnologyLackofclientownershipClientfundingand/ortimescaleunrealisticFailuretodecomposetheprojectintosmallerfeasiblestepsCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCause–ProjectPlanning&InitiationUnrealisticcost,time,andcapabilityestimatesFailuretoclearlydefinerequirementsPoorclient/teamrelationshipsPoorscopingactivitiesLackofmeaningfulclientinvolvementPoorWBSspecificationUnreliableriskmanagementplanPoorplanningFailuretoclearlydefinerolesandresponsibilitiesCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCause–SolutionDefinitionFailuretoapplyappropriatescopemanagementPoorchoiceoftechnicalplatform/architectureStartingaphaseprematurelyPoorchoiceandpreparationofrequirementsdefinitionapproachLackofproperdesignreviewsLackorlossofskilledresourcesPoorstandardsdeploymentPoorrequirementstraceabilityCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCause–SolutionDevelopmentProjectovertakenbytechnologyadvancesLackofproperchangecontrolInadequatetrainingandsupervisionInadequateclientreviewPoormanagementofoutsidecontractorsLackofformaltestingandintegrationapproachesCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RootCause–SolutionImplementationInadequateclient/endusertrainingandsupportCatastrophicfailurewithnomitigationplansMissingacriticalgolivedateCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…Reviseoriginalgoal–PrepareWorkshopEnvironment1.Holdworkshopoffsiteatacomfortablehotel2.Agoodrestaurant3.Largeroomwithlotsofwhiteboardspace4.Severalflipchartstands5.Breakoutroomsforprivatediscussions6.Useanexperiencedoutsidefacilitator7.AgreeonthegroundrulesCh16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…TheProcessofRevisingtheProjectGoalRevieworiginalbusinesscasePreparelistofcorrectiveactionsDeterminefeasiblebusinesstargetUpdatebusinesscaseIstherevisedbusinesscasefeasible?NOYESRepeatprocessFigure16-05Ch16:Prevention&InterventionStrategies…RevieworiginalbusinessgoalRevie