搜索
TheOneAgainsttheManyArthurM.Schlesinger.Jr.Groupdiscussion1.Ifyouweregiventhetopic“theoneagainstthemany”,whatcould/wouldyoutalkabout?2.Inthetext,whatorwhoistheoneandwhatorwhoisthemany?3.WorkoutanoutlineofthetextStructureandorganization•1.(P1)opening:raisingtheissue–thedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates•2.(P2-6)factorsofAmericanrapiddevelopment•1)thedeepfaithineducation•2)thecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions•3)thenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.•3.(P7-10)thedefinitionofideology.Americaispragmatic(anexample—theAmericanRevolution)•4.(P11-12)thedistinctbetweenidealsandideology(anexample:ThomasJefferson)•ideals:thelong-rungoalsofanationandthespiritinwhichthesegoalsarepursued•Ideology:moresystematic,detailed,comprehensive,dogmatic•5.(P13-14)Whatiswrongwithfaithinideology?•Theideologistconfuseshisowntidymodelswiththeuntidyreality.•6.(P15-19)differencesbetweentheideologistandpragmatist•1)inviewofhistory:•ideologist–theone--acloseduniverse–asingleabstractsystemofinterpretation•pragmatist—themany–anunfinisheduniverse•2)inapproachtoissueofpublicpolicy•7.(P20-22)conclusion:summinguptheconflictofourtimes•theone:single•themany:diverse•ideologists•freemenPeriod,epoch,era,age•Periodisthegeneraltermforanyportionofhistoricaltime•Epochanderaareoftenusedinterchangeably,butinstrictdiscrimination,epochappliestothebeginningofanewperiodmarkedbyradicalchanges,newdevelopments,etc.Andera,totheentireperiod.E.g.:Thesteamenginemarkedanewepochintransportation./The20thcenturywasaneraofwarandrevolution.•Ageisappliedtoalongperiodidentifiedwithsomedominantpersonalityordistinctivecharacteristic.E.g.:theStoneAge/theVictorianAge•Thefirstsettlers•ThefirstsettlersgenerallyreferredtowerethefoundersofJamestown(Virginia)in1607and/orthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toplantthefirstcolonyatPlymouthinwhatistodaysoutheasternMassachusetts.EducationalresourcesexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmericancolonies•TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636,WilliamandMaryin1693andtheYaleCollegein1701.ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin1647sothatSatancouldnotkeeppeople“fromknowledgeoftheScripture”,“…thePuritantraditioninvolvedarespectforlearningwhichledtotheestablishmentofschoolsanduniversitiesonascalethatsurpassedEngland.Theopportunitiesforlearningthuscreated,andthepressuresforwidespreadeducationthatequalitarianvaluesimplied,ledtoawidedistributionofliteracy.”Itaroseoriginallyformaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment…(para.3)•Example:•ThomasJeffersonwrotein1816,“ifanationexpectstobeignorantandfree,inastateofcivilization,itexpectswhatneverwasandneverwillbe.”•Educationwasseenasthemeanstoenablethepublictomake“rightchoices”(thoseconsistentwithdemocraticvalues)andmaintainstabilitywithintherepublic.AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions.(para.5)•Self-governmentistheprinciplethatthepeoplearetheultimatesourceofgoverningauthorityandthattheirgeneralwelfareistheonlylegitimatepurposeofgovernment.•RecentpoliciesinChinasuchas“nothingistrivialwhenitconcernstheinterestsofthepeople”,“togovernforthepeople”,and“torepresentthegreatestinterestofthelargestnumberofpeople”hasthesamespiritofself-government•Representativeinstitutions:asystemofgovernmentinstitutionsthatgivecitizenstheopportunitytovoteforrepresentativeswhowillworkontheirbehalf.Cooperativeactivity,publicaswellasvoluntary•Publiccooperativeactivityiscompulsory,presumablyorganizedbythegovernment.VoluntaryactivityiswidespreadintheU.S.Communityserviceandcommunityspiritisacaseinpoint.Voluntaryorganizations…hasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.(para.6)•Asanation,Americahasrefusedtoclingtocertainrigidprinciplesconcerningsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Americahasbeenadaptableandflexible.•Americans,ingeneral,arenotdogmatic.Theydonotclingtotheories.Theybelieveexperienceandarenotafraidofmistakes.Trialsanderrorsarenaturalinexperiments.“Practiceistheultimatetestoftruth.”Americahashadthegoodfortunenottobeanideologicalsociety.•ItisluckythatAmericansarenotkeenonfollowingabodyofrigidideasortheoriesintheirsocial,economicorpoliticalactivities.•ButinAmericanhistory,therehavebeentimesofaberration.McCarthyismistheexample.However,thiskindofaberrationdidnotlastlongbecauseitwasincompatiblewithAmericanconceptofpragmatism.•HowaboutChina?Definitionofideology•Twoelements:oneisagroupofdoctrines(beliefs)whicharepreciseandnotflexibleandwhichformasystem;theotheristheuseofthesedoctrinestounderstand,preserveortransformtheworld.Hedgehogsandfoxes•.hedgehog:豪猪,刺猬,难交朋友的人,防卫森严的阵地Theonebigthingiswhenhedgehogsencounterdanger,theywillinvariablycurlthemselvesupintoballswiththesharpspinesstickingoutasdefense.Thisistheonlywaytheyknowtoprotectthemselves.Thehedgehogisherebeingcomparedtotheideologistwhoonlyfollowsthedogmahebelievesin.•Fox:thefoxesdonotsticktoonewayofprotectingthemselves.Theyusemanydifferentwaystodeceivetheirchasers.Calvinisttheology•CalvinencouragedC