第二章化合物英文命名§2.1无机化合物(Inorganiccompounds)一、元素(Elements)1Hhydrogen2Lilithium3Nasodium4Kpotassium5Rbrubidium6Cscesium/caesium7Frfrancium8Beberylium9Mgmagnesium10Cacalcium11Srstrontium12Babarium13Raradium14Bboron15Alaluminum16Gagallium17Inindium18Tlthallium19Ccarbon20Sisilicon21Gegermanium22Sntin23Pblead24Nnitrogen25Pphosphorus26Asarsenic27Sbantimony28Bibismuth29Ooxygen30Ssulfur31Seselenium32Tetellurium33Popolonium34Ffluorine35Clchlorine36Brbromine37Iiodine38Atastatine/astatium39Hehelium40Neneon41Arargon42Krkrypton43Xexenon44Rnradon45Scscandium46Yyttrium47Lalanthanum48Acactinium49Tititanium50Zrzirconium51Hfhafnium52Vvanadium53Nbniobium54Tatantalum55Crchronium56Momolybdenum57Wwolfram/tungsten58Mnmanganese59Tctechnetium60Rerhenium61Feiron62Cocobalt63Ninickel64Ruruthenium65Rhrhodium66Pdpalladium67Ososmium68Iriridium69Ptplatinum70Cucopper71Agsilver72Augold73Znzinc74Cdcadmium75HgmercuryLa系76Ce铈cerium77Sm钐samarium锕系78U铀uranium二.化合物及酸碱盐1.化合物(Compounds)对化合物进行系统命名时,将正离子或电正性的元素名称放在前面,负离子或负电性元素放在后面,词尾作一定删减后加上词尾“-ide”。Eg.CaCl2calciumchloridechlorineNaFsodiumfluoridefluorineKIpotassiumiodideiodineIBriodinebromidebromineHFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2TehydrogentellurideH2O2hydrogenperoxideZnSzincsulfide(sulfur)CuOcopperoxide(oxygen)对于化学式组成的数目的表示方法,西方采用希腊文数目词头表示,对于整个原子团的数目则用表示倍数的拉丁文词头表示之.Eg:COcarbonmonoxideCO2carbondioxideCS2carbondisulfideN2O4dinitrogentetroxideCa(PCl6)2calciumbis(hexachlorophosphate)二(六氯络合磷酸)钙对于变价元素,则要标出元素的价态。Eg:FeCl3iron(Ⅲ)chlorideiron(3+)chlorideMnO2manganese(Ⅳor4+)oxideK4Fe(CN)6potassiumhexacyanoferrate(-IV)(4-)Na2Fe(CO)4sodiumtetracarbonylferrate(-Ⅱ)(2-)价态以罗马数字表示,负价在罗马数字前加“-”;或以阿拉伯数字表示,把“+”或“-”的阿拉伯数字放在所表示的元素或基团后面的()内来表示价数和电性。FeCl3ferricchlorideFeCl2ferrouschloride习惯性地:NH3ammonia(hydrogennitride)H2Owater(hydrogenoxide)SiH4silane(siliconhydride)2.酸Acid在acid之前加一词,…acid称为某酸在acid之前一词尾加“-ous”表示亚酸在acid之前一词尾加“-ic”表示(正)酸在acid之前一词头加“per-”表示高酸在acid之前一词头加“hypo-”表示次酸Eg:sulfuricacid硫酸sulfurousacid亚硫酸Permanganicacid高猛酸HMnO4Phosphoricacid磷酸H3PO4Phosphorousacid亚磷酸H3PO3Hypophosphorousacid次磷酸HPO2再如:HNO3nitricacid硝酸HNO2nitrousacid亚硝酸chloricacid氯酸HClO3Perchloricacid高氯酸HClO4Chlorousacid亚氯酸HClO2Hypochlorousacid次氯酸HClO(hypochloricacid)另外,对于原酸或正酸有时在名称前冠以“ortho-”表示原或正某酸;原酸失去一分子水得到的是偏某酸,这时冠以词头“meta-”;当两分子原酸失去一分子水形成的酸叫焦某酸,这时在酸的名称前冠以“pyro-。Ortho-原酸(正酸)Meta-偏酸Pyro-焦酸EgH3BO3Orthoboricacid原(正)硼酸HBO2Metaboricacid偏硼酸H3PO4Orthophosphoricacid原(正)磷酸HPO3Metaphosphoricacid偏磷酸H4P2O7Pyrophosphoricacid焦磷酸无氧酸命名规则:hydro-词根-icacidExample:HF:hydrofluoricacidHCl:hydrochloricacidHBr:hydrobromicacidHI:hydroiodicacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacid3.碱Bases碱的命名较简单,与化合物类似。MOHMhydroxideEg:NaOHsodiumhydroxide(氢氧根hydroxide)Ca(OH)2calciumhydroxideNH4OHammoniumhydroxideAl(OH)3aluminumhydroxide4.盐正盐(Normalsalt):根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称.Normalsalt=Cation+anionNamingmetalions(cations)SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=ElementNa+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+CalciumMultivalenceCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)Namingnonmetalions(anions)MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO=OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS=SulfideH-HydridePolyatomicoxyanionsAnion’sname=CentralElement’sroot–ate(正酸根)Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-ite(亚酸根)Anion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ate(高酸根)Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-ite(次酸根)简单的盐前已述及,如CaCl2按化合物命名。对于负离子含氧酸盐,负离子部分需要用酸根的名称,即将负离子的词根“-ide”改为“-ate”(正)或“-ite”(亚)。负离子由多个元素组成的都应当用该办法。-ide-ate正价态盐-ide-ite亚价态盐-ideper-ate高价态盐-idehypo-ite次价态盐forexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonateforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfiteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphiteforexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-PermanganateEg:CaCl2calciumchlorideCa(ClO3)2calciumchlorateCa(ClO)2calciumhypochloriteNaClsodiumchlorideNaClO4sodiumperchlorateNaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaNO3sodiumnitrateNaNO2sodiumnitriteNaN3sodiumnitrideZnSzincsulfideZnSO4zincsulfateZnSO3zincsulfite对于水合物等加合物,可将化合物依次写出,中间用“-”线分开,分子数之比可用斜线分开的阿拉伯数字表示放在括弧内。Eg:Na2CO3•10H2Osodiumcarbonate-water(1/10)sodiumcarbonatedecahydrateCuSO4•5H2Ocoppersulfate-water(1/5)coppersulfatepentahydrateNa2CO3•2H2O2sodiumcarbonate-hydrogenperoxide(1/2)AlCl3•4EtOHAluminumchloride-ethanol(1/4)水合(2)酸式盐:(Acidicsalts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的H读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2calciumhydrogensulfate或CalciumbisulfateCa(HSO3)2Calciumbisulfite或calciumhydrogensulfiteNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate(3).碱式盐(Basicsalts)Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionforexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonate或basiccoppercarbonateCa(OH)ClCalc