外贸函电--Insurance

UnitTwelveInsuranceWhatisthepurposeofinsurance?houseagainstfire.Youcaninsureyourcaragainstaccident/theft.noseagainstharm.lifeinsurance.healthinsurance.Youcaneffectaendowmentinsurance.养老保险accidentinsurance.burglaryandrobberyinsurance.风险：risks,perilstotalloss损失：lossesparticularaveragepartialloss(单独海损）generalaverage（共同海损）险别：risks,perils,coverages保险公司按照不同险别包括的风险所造成的损失和发生的费用承担赔偿责任，所以在保险业务中风险、损失和险别三者有着紧密的联系，为此，我们对保险公司所能承保的风险与损失的种类和内容必须有准确的理解。RisksinCargoTransportationRisksincargotransportationareofmanykinds.DifferentrisksmeandifferentlossesAnddifferentrisksarecoveredbydifferentinsuranceclausesanddifferentinsuranceclausesmeandifferentpremiums保险费.Soweneedtohaveagoodunderstandingofthedifferentrisksandlossesbeforeweknowhowtoeffectinsurance.Inmarinecargotransportationinsurance,risksfallintoperilsofthesea海难andextraneousrisks外来风险.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportationPerilsandrisks风险1.PerilsoftheSea海难/海上风险(1)Naturalcalamities海上发生的自然灾害(2)Fortuitousaccidents意外事故2.Extraneousrisks外来风险(1)Generalextraneousrisks(2)SpecialextraneousrisksPart1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportationPerilsandriskskindsofperils风险种类Inmarineinsurance,perilsaregenerallyoftwokinds.1.Perilsofthesea海上风险（又称海难）（1）Naturalcalamities海上发生的自然灾害Naturalcalamitiescovervileweather(恶劣气候)，thunderandlightening(雷电)，tsunami(海啸，tidalwaves),earthquake,floodsandotherirresistibledisasters.（不可抗拒的灾害）Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportation（2）Fortuitousaccidents意外事故Fortuitousaccidentsmainlyincludeshipstranded(搁浅),strikingarock,shipsinking(沉没),shipcollision(互撞),collidingwithicebergsorotherobjects,fire,explosionandshipmissingandotheraccidentswithseacharacteristics.Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportation2.Extraneousrisks外来风险Extraneousrisksrefertorisksoutsideperilsofthesea.（1）Generalextraneousrisks一般外来风险Generalextraneousrisksincludetheft,breakage,leakage,contamination,sweatandheating(受潮受热),taintofodor(串味),hookdamage(钩损),shortage(短量)andrust(锈损)Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportation（2）Specialextraneousrisks特殊外来风险Specialextraneousrisksrefertorisksresultingfrommilitaryaffairs,politicalandadministrativerulessuchaswar,strikes,failuretodeliver(交货不到),rejection(拒绝收货)Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportationOceanaverage海损Whenusedforinsurance,theword‘average’hasnottheusualmeaning.Averagemeanslosssustainedinseatransportation.Accordingtotheextentoftheloss,itisdividedintototallossandpartialloss.（1）Totalloss全损Totallossmeansallthegoodsinsuredsufferedloss.Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportation（2）Partialloss部分损失Apartiallossisanylossotherthanatotalloss.Apartiallossmayincludeaparticularaverageloss(单独海损),ageneralaverageloss(共同海损)andparticularcharges(特殊收费).Thustherearetwodistincttypesofpartialloss.（ⅰ）ParticularaveragelossItistheaccidental意外的damagetopartofthecargo.Theaverage(damage)isnotcausedbydeliberateactofapersonforthecommonbenefitandthatlossmustbeborneexclusivelybytheownerofthepropertysufferingthelossandistermedaparticularaverage.单独海损是指被保险货物遭受海损后，其损失未达到全损程度，而且是无共同海损性质的部分损失，应由受损方单独承担。Part1.PerilsandLossesinOceanTransportation（ⅱ）Generalaverageloss共同海损Alossmaybeaccidental意外的orintentional人为的.Ageneralaveragelossiscausedintentionally,andsuchalossisbeneficialtoothers,thenthosewhohavebenefitedshouldsharethatloss.Thusageneralaveragelossisalossresultingfromavoluntarysacrificeorexpenditureintimeofperil,forthesafetyofhull,cargoandfreight.（共同海损是指在发生危险时，为了船舶、货物和运输的安全作出自愿牺牲或为此付出费用所引起的损失。）共同海损是指载货船舶在海运途中遇到危及船货的共同危险，船方为了维护船舶和所有货物的共同安全或使航程继续完成，有意识地并合理地作出某些特殊牺牲或支付一定的特殊费用，这些特殊牺牲和费用叫做共同海损。Part2.OceanMarineCargoClausesofChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)海洋运输货物保险条款（中国保险条款）OceanMarineCargoClausesofthePeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChinawasconstitutedin1972andrevisedin1976and1981.Therearemainlytwotypesofinsurancecoverage:basiccoverage(基本险)andadditionalcoverage(附加险)。BasiccoveragemainlyincludesFPA(平安险),WPA(水渍险)andAllRisks.Additionalcoverageincludesgeneraladditionalcoverageandspecialadditionalcoverage.Part2.OceanMarineCargoClausesofChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)Basicmarineinsurancecoverage1.FPA(freefromparticularaverage)平安险FPAisalimitedformofcargoinsurancecoverunderwhichpartiallossordamageresultedfromnaturalcalamitiesisnotrecoverable,unlessthesenaturalcalamitiesoccurbeforeorafterfortuitousaccidents.意外事故Itprovidescoveragefortotallossesandgeneralaverage.共同海损Part2.OceanMarineCargoClausesofChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)2.WPAorWA水渍险(withparticularaverage,withaverage)WPAisawidercoverthanFPA.Itprovidesextensivecoveragainstalllossordamageduetomarineperilsthroughoutthedurationofthepolicy,includingpartiallossordamagewhichmaybeattributedtonaturalcalamitieslikeheavyweather.Part2.OceanMarineCargoClausesofChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)3.AllRisksAllRisksisthemostcomprehensiveofthethreebasiccoveragesunderwhichtheinsurer承保人isresponsibleforalltotalorpartiallossof,ordamagetothegoodsinsuredeitherarisingfromseaperilsorgeneralexternalcauses.However,itdoesnotcoverloss,damageorexpensecausedbydelay,inherentvice缺陷ornatureofthegoods,orspecialexternalrisksofwar,strike,etc.Part2.OceanMarineCargoClausesofChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)Additionalrisks1.Generaladditio