Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall1Chapter5:居民户的储蓄和投资决策Objective不确定世界中的金融决策;生命周期上的人力资本、永久收入决策Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall2Chapter5Contents–5.1一个储蓄的生命周期模型–5.2考察社会保障–5.3通过自愿退休金储蓄计划延迟交税–5.4你应该投资一个专业学位吗?–5.5购买还是租赁?Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall3Objectives–Howmuchtosaveforretirement–Whethertodefertaxesorpaythemnow–Whethertogetaprofessionaldegree–WhethertobuyorrentanapartmentCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall45.1ALife-CycleModelofSaving•假定你现在35岁,预计30年后退休,之后再活15年到80岁•你的真实劳动收入是3万美元一年•每年利息率超过通胀率3%Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall5我应该储蓄多少?消费多少?•Considertwoapproaches:–退休前收入的目标替换率–保持相同的消费支出水平Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall6Targetreplacementrateofpre-retirementincome•首先计算退休收入。许多专家建议是退休前收入的75%。–$30,000*0.75=$22,500/year–用计算器计算退休后每年提取22500元、提取15年作为普通年金的现值n=15,i=0.03,FV=0,PMT=-22,500-PV=268,604Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall7Targetreplacementrateofpre-retirementincome(Cont.)•接着计算退休前每年需要储蓄多少n=15,i=0.03,PV=0,FV=-268,604-PMT=5,646•Toobtainareal$22,500youneedtosave$5,646peryearCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall8TargetreplacementrateConclusion•注意你的退休前(真实)收入是$30,000-$5,646=24,354;但退休后年收入只有$22,500•下面的方法使退休前后消费相等Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall9Maintainthesamelevelofconsumptionspending–假定真实消费水平是C–接下来45年的消费的现值必须等于接下来30年的工作收入n=30,i=0.03,FV=0,PMT=30,000,CPTPV,n=45CPTPMTgives$23,982•Thesavingsarethen$30,000-$23,982=$6,018Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall10HumanCapitalandPermanentIncome•Humancapital–一个人未来劳动收入的现值•Permanentincome–不变的(真实)消费支出水平,其现值等于一个人的人力资本【能支持一生消费水平的收入叫“永久收入”】Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall11LaborIncomeandConsumption-50000500010000150002000025000300003500035404550556065707580AgeReal$lab_incconsumpCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall12HumanCapitalandWealth-10000001000002000003000004000005000006000007000003545556575AgeReal$fundHumanCapCapitalCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall13TheInter-temporalBudgetConstraintRtttTTtttiYWiBiC101111i=realinterestrateR=numberofyearstoretirementT=numberofyearsofremaininglifeW0=initialwealthB=遗产Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall14Omar’sLife-CycleSavingsPlanCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall155.2TakingAccountofSocialSecurity•在许多国家,政府强制公民参加退休金制度,称为“社会保障”•人们在工作时期交税,作为回报,有资格在他们年老时领取年金Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall16社会保障作为投资的替代品–上例中,如果社会保障的回报率也是3%,则可以少储蓄的量等于所交社会保障税–我们的假定越现实,分析越复杂•如果你不知道什么时候死【page12】?或者利率是不确定的?等等,你该怎么办?Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall175.3通过自愿退休金储蓄计划延迟交税–许多国家通过法律条款鼓励为了退休的自愿储蓄–在美国,雇员被允许建立个人退休账户(IRA)以在退休之前延迟交税–个人退休账户用来为退休储蓄,获得的利息是免税的,只是在退休后从该账户提钱须交税–退休后负担的累进税率较退休前更低,但这并非个人退休账户的关键优势Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall18IRABenefits–Themajorbenefitsaremoresubtle.•你向个人退休账户缴存了1000美元。还有30年退休,利率每年8%,退休前后都面临20%的税率。到退休时,税前累积总量为1000*1.08^30=10063,税后剩余8050。•若不用个人退休账户,而是采取普通的储蓄计划,则现在储蓄1000美元必须立即交税200美元,并且剩余800美元本金的利息将每年被征税20%。到退休时累积为800*1.064^30=5144。Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall19TheAdvantageofTax-DeferredSavingCopyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall205.4ShouldYouInvestinaProfessionalDegree?•教育可视为对人力资本的投资–Onepurposeofadditionalschoolingistoincreaseone’searningpower•Example:投资一个硕士学位值得吗?Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall21•乔20岁时从大学毕业。他有两个选择:1.从此开始工作到65岁,每年收入30000美元2.花两年时间获得一个硕士学位,每年付学费15000美元;之后工作到65岁,每年收入提高到35000美元Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall22用会计净现值规则判断乔是否应该去读研读研(选择2)的会计净现值:762481不读研(选择1)的会计净现值:735561读研的会计净现值不读研的会计净现值年利率期数期利率普通pmt普通年金现值0.0320.03-15000-287020.03430.0335000839367791183年利率期数期利率普通pmt普通年金现值0.03450.0330000735561Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall23用(经济)净现值规则判断乔是否应该去读研读研的净现值=113026+(-86106)=269200【“净现值”的定义:1.是对一个投资项目而言;2.要求必须体现机会成本】年利率期数期利率普通pmt普通年金现值0.0320.03-45000-861060.03430.035000119910113026Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall245.5ShouldYouBuyorRent•假定你以每年1万美元租住一幢房屋,同时可以选择以20万美元购买它。•作为房东,每年需要支出维修费用1200美元、缴纳财产税2400美元。所缴财产税可抵扣所得税税基,所得税税率是30%。故每年有关财产税的净现金流是-2400+0.3*2400=1680,加上维修费用,得到房东的每年现金流出是2880。Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall25•没有通胀(所有金额都是真实收入、利率是真实利率),拥有房屋的期限是无限。•税前利率是3%,则税后利率是3%*(1-0.3)=2.1%。以此为贴现率贴现:拥有房屋的现值成本=200000+2880/0.021=337143;租住房屋的现值成本=10000/0.021=476190.•拥有房屋的现值成本更低,故购买房屋更好。Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall26•购买房屋是这样一项投资:为了获得未来节省下来的租赁成本的收益(税后),现在花费了20万美元。•其净现值是-200000+7120/0.021=139048.•根据“净现值规则”(接受净现值大于0的投资),接受购买房屋的投资。从另一角度看待购买或租赁的选择Copyright©2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall27•将购买房屋视为一项投资,其收益是V-337143,其中V是居住在该房屋中的用现在美元度量的效用值;其机会成本是V-476190,即放弃的租住该房屋所能得到的现在美元度量的效用净值。•则购买房屋投资的收益V-337143其机会成本V-476190。根据4.4“如果一项投资的收益大于资本的机会成本,那么接受这项投资”,接受购买房屋的投资。•实际上,此判断规则等价于净现值