运算放大器运算电路比例运算电路加、减运算电路积分、微分运算电路对数、指数运算电路乘、除运算电路电流—电压变换电路滤波电路有源低通滤波电路有源高通滤波电路有源带通滤波电路有源带阻滤波电路例题、习题§8.1比例运算电路8.1.1反相比例电路电压并联负反馈输入端虚短、虚断0===+_VVIIfiifoVRRV1-=RiRi=R11.基本电路特点:•反相端为虚地,所以共模输入可视为0,对运放共模抑制比要求低•输出电阻小,带负载能力强•要求放大倍数较大时,反馈电阻阻值高,稳定性差。如果要求放大倍数100,R1=100K,Rf=10M电路中R’i称为平衡电阻R’=R1//RfVi-+RfR'VoIf↓R1Ii→Id→AVi-+AR2R4VoIf↓R1Ii→Id→I4↑R3I3↑R'2.T型反馈网络0_VVIIfi虚短、虚断ioVRRRRRRV)//+1(+-=3421421RVIIifiifRVRRIRV12231323330RVRRRVIiR如果要求放大倍数100,R1=R2=R4=100K,R3=1.01K443R-I=VVRoR'ViVoRfR18.1.2同相比例电路电压串联负反馈输入端虚短、虚断iVVV_ofiVRRRV11RiRi=平衡电阻R’=R1//Rf特点:•输入电阻高,输出电阻小,带负载能力强•V-=V+=Vi,所以共模输入等于输入信号,对运放的共模抑制比要求高1.基本电路ifoVRRV)1(12.电压跟随器ioVV输入电阻大输出电阻小,能真实地将输入信号传给负载而从信号源取流很小ViVoVi3-+ARfR'VoIf↓R3I3→Id→Vi2R2I2→Vi1I1→R1§8.2加减运算电路8.1.1求和电路00_VVId虚短、虚断)(332211RVRVRVRViiifofIIII321特点:调节某一路信号的输入电阻不影响其他路输入与输出的比例关系;没有共模输入1.反相求和电路R’=R1//R2//R3//Rf2.同相求和电路ofdVRRRVVI11_0虚短、虚断)(321cibiaifnpoRVRVRVRRRVfncbapRRRRRRRR//'//////1)(321cibiaifonpRVRVRVRVRR则:如果Vi2Vi1RaVi3VoRf←R1R'RbRcVi2-+AR'VoIfR2I2→Vi1R1I1→Vi3R3I3→Vi4R4I4→Rf↓8.1.2单运放和差电路Vi3=Vi4=0时:)(22111RVRVRViifo)(44332RVRVRViifoVi1=Vi2=0且fnpRRRRRRRR////'////2143pnRR2211443321RVRVRVRVRVVViiiifooo根据叠加原理得:8.1.2双运放和差电路)(221111RVRVRViifo)(534122RVRVRViofo532211412RVRVRVRVRViiiffoVi2-+A2Rf1R3Vo1If1↓R2I2→Id1→Vi1R1I1→-+A1Rf2R6VoIf2↓R4I4→Id2→Vi3R5I5→例1:设计一加减运算电路设计一加减运算电路,使Vo=2Vi1+5Vi2-10Vi3解:用双运放实现如果选Rf1=Rf2=100K,且R4=100K则:R1=50KR2=20KR5=10K平衡电阻R3=R1//R2//Rf1=12.5KR6=R4//R5//Rf2=8.3KVi2-+A1Rf1R3Vo1R2Vi1R1-+A2Rf2R6VoR4Vi3R5Vi-+A1R3VoI2↓R1Ii→-+A22R2R3R2I1↓Vo2例2:如图电路,求Avf,Ri解:Ri2121RRRRIVRiii23RRAvfiiiiVRRRRRVRVIII122-1121-2-ioVRRV23-=iooVVRRV2=2-=322例3:求电路的电压放大倍数AvfA1R1R8R2voR3R4viR7R6R5A2A3v+3vo3v+1ovRRRv434335631vRRvo37881ovRRRv887655443RRRRRRRRRvvAiovf例4:求vo与(vs1-vs2)的关系vs1-+2R-+-+3R3R4R4R2R1Rvs2vo1vo2voA1A2A3v3v4由于第一级差放电路上下对称,R1的中点可视为接地点,所以:212o2112o1)/2RR+(1=)/2RR+(1=ssvvvv)-)(/2RR(1RR-)-(RR-2112344334ossvvvvv例4应用实例应用实例例5:精密整流电路ViVoVi0时,D2截止,D1导通,Vo1=-Vi,Vo=-Vi-2Vo1=ViVi0时,D1截止,D2导通,Vo1=0,Vo=-ViVo=│Vi│Vo1精密整流电路仿真结果§8.3积分电路和微分电路8.3.1积分电路电容两端电压与电流的关系:dttiCtvdttdvCticccc)(1)()()(RtvdttdvCtiioc)()()(121121)(1)(1)(tcttitcttcovdttvRCvdttiCtvvi-+ACR'voic↓Rii→id→+vc-积分实验电路积分电路的用途将方波变为三角波(vi:方波,频率500Hz,幅度1V)积分电路的用途将三角波变为正弦波(vi:三角波,频率500Hz,幅度1V)积分电路的用途(vi:正弦波,频率500Hz,幅度1V)思考:输入信号与输出信号间的相位关系?积分电路的用途(vi:正弦波,频率200Hz,幅度1V)思考:输入信号频率对输出信号幅度的影响?积分电路的用途去除高频干扰将方波变为三角波移相在模数转换中将电压量变为时间量8.3.2微分电路dttiCtvdttdvCticccc)(1)()()(RtvdttdvCtioic)(-=)(=)(dttdvRCtvio)()(vi-+ACR'voifR→id→→ii+vc-微分实验电路10K把三角波变为方波(vi:三角波,频率1KHz,幅度0.2V)输入正弦波(vi:正弦波,频率1KHz,幅度0.2V)思考:输入信号与输出信号间的相位关系?输入正弦波(vi:正弦波,频率500Hz,幅度1V)思考:输入信号频率对输出信号幅度的影响?§8.4对数和指数运算电路8.4.1对数电路RviiIIDODvvsITORIvVvlnvI-+ADR'vOiDRiI→_+vD→→id)1(TDVvsDeIi时TDVvRveIeIIVvsVvsTOTD对数电路改进基本对数电路缺点:运算精度受温度影响大小信号时exp(vD/vT)与1差不多大,所以误差很大二极管在电流较大时伏安特性与PN结伏安特性差别较大,所以运算只在较小的电流范围内误差较小。改进电路1:用三极管代替二极管sITsCTOBERIvVIiVvvlnlnRviiiIIECOBEvvTBETBEVvsVvsEeIeIi)1()(时TBEVv→vI-+AR'vOiCRiI→vBE-+VR-+A2R'vO2IC2↓RI→RvBE2-+vI1-+A1R'vO1iC1↓Ri→I1vBE1-+-+A3fRR'vOR1R1vI10VR0改进电路2sITORIvVv11lnsRTORIVVvln2RITfoofoVvVRRvvRRv112-11ln=)(=电路在理想情况下可完全消除温度的影响Rf改进电路3:实用对数电路如果忽略T2基极电流,则M点电位:12434BEBEOMvvvRRRvsRTBEsITBERCICIRVVvIRvVvIiii2211211lnln所以由于()RIOTVvKveVRRKRRlg-=lg)+1(==1-4312则并令如果取)ln()1(1243IRTOvVRRVRRvVR-+A2R''1iC2↓RI→RvBE2-+vI1-+A1R'vOiC1↓Ri→I1vBE1-+R32R4R5T1T2MvI10VR08.4.2指数电路RvieIiVvORVvsDTITI时TIVvsOeRIv1.基本指数电路vI-+ADR'vOiD↓Ri→R0vI0-+AvXvOiFRiI→对数电路MR'RR2R1VRN→2.反函数型指数电路RXVvKlg电路必须是负反馈才能正常工作,所以:0lgRXVvK10RXVv即10212ROVvRRROXvRRRv212虚短、虚断:vM=-vI)lg(lg212RORXIMVvRRRKVvKvvIIvKvKROKVRRv112110'10)1(§8.5乘除运算电路8.5.1基本乘除运算电路1.乘法电路vO2-+ARR'vO3RvO1RvXvY对数电路1对数电路2指数电路vO22lgRYVvK11lgRXVvK331410OuKK乘法电路32313231332141410KKYKKXKKRYKKRXuKOvvVvVvKKvO21212121213lglglg)(KRYKRXKRYKRXOOOVvVvVvVvvvvvO2-+ARR'vO3RvO1RvXvY对数电路1对数电路2指数电路vO22lgRYVvK11lgRXVvK331410OuKK乘法器符号KvXvY同相乘法器vXvYvO-KvXvY反相乘法器vXvYvO32313231332141410KKYKKXKKRYKKRXuKOvvVvVvKKvOYXOvvKvKKK则如果321)/(10323132313321414KKYKKXKKRYKKRXuKOvvVvVvKKvO2.除法电路YXOvvKvKKK则如果321vO2-+ARR'vO3RvO1RvXvY对数电路1对数电路2指数电路vO22lgRYVvK11lgRXVvK331410OuKK8.5.2.乘法器应用1.平方运算和正弦波倍频vXvOKvXvY=KvX2如果输入信号是正弦波:tVvIsinIm)2cos1(21)sin(2Im2ImtKVtVKvO只要在电路输出端加一隔直电容,便可得到倍频输出信号2.除法运算电路21RRii2211RvvKRvOXXOXOvvKv22222RviOR111RviXR2112XXOvvRKRvvX1-+AR'vOiR2↓R1iR1→id→R2vO2vX2KvXvY注意:只有在vX20时电路才是负反馈负反馈时,根据虚短、虚断概念:3.开方运算电路22OOvKv2112RvKRvOX112XOvRKRv输入电压必须小于0,否则电路将变为正反馈。vX1-+AR'vOiR2↓R1iR1→id→R2vO2KvXvY两种可使输入信号大于0的方案:-+AfRR'if↓Ri→i-+AR''voiR2↓Ri→R11R2vO2vX1vO1-+AR''voi→d-+AfRR'if↓Rii→iR2↓Ri→R11R2vO2vO13.调制(调幅)4.压控增益乘法器的一个输入端接直流电压(控制信号),另一个接输入信号,则输出信号与输入信号之比(电压增益)成正比。vO=KVXvYvXvYvO§8.6电流-电压和电压-电流变换电路由图可知fSO=Riv-可见输出电压与输入电流成比例。输出端的负载电流:SLfLfSLOO=iRRRRiRvi-此时该电路也可视为电流放大电路。若LR固定,则输出电流与输入电流成比例,电流-电压变换电路1.电流—电压变换电路:2.电压-电流变换电路