DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering1第四章楼宇设备自动化系统本章重点¾BA各子系统的工艺原理¾BA各子系统的控制对象及控制方法本章难点¾BA各子系统的硬件配置图的绘制DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering2楼宇设备自动控制系统——对冷热源系统、给排水系统、空调系统、电梯控制、照明及供配电系统进行统一管理、监测和控制,设备多且散。自动控制系统——一般采用DDC控制系统——采用集中管理和分散控制控制特点——控制器采用网络互连,一个控制器控制本地较小数量的传感器/执行器DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering3•能耗最大•控制要求高第一节空调系统的监控DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering4空调系统分类全空气空调系统全水空调系统空气——水空调系统制冷剂空调系统集中式空调系统半集中式空调系统分散式空调系统全回风式空调系统全新风式空调系统新回风混合式空调系统定风量、变风量空调系统低速、高速空调系统工艺性、舒适性空调系统一般性、恒温恒湿性空调系统DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering5¾通过改变送风温度来满足室内冷(热)负荷变化。若向室内吹冷风,送入室内的冷量是:Q=cρL(tn-ts)式中,c是空气的比热容;ρ是空气密度;L是送风量;tn是室内温度,ts是送风温度;Q是吸收(或送入)室内的热流量。风机以恒速运行,从而保持风量的恒定,仅通过改变送风温度来进行空气的温度调节。一、定风量空调系统DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering69新风机组通常与风机盘管配合进行使用为避免室外空气对室内温湿度状态的干扰,在送入房间之前需要对其进行热湿处理,室内负荷通常由风机盘管处理。9新风机组只有一个换热器,冬夏季共用在冬季送入热水对空气进行加热,在夏季则送入冷冻水对空气冷却去湿。加湿器仅在冬季对新风加湿。新风机组在南方地区作为舒适性空调使用时,时常取消了加湿器。二、全新风式空调系统DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering7全新风式空调系统工艺流程DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering8监控功能新风门及风机的监控9通过风阀控制器控制新风的开关状态9监视风机电机的工作状态,确定是处于“开”或“关”9检测风机电机的电流是否过载,过载产生报警信号过滤网的监测用微差开关即可监视新风过滤器两则的压差,以了解过滤器是否要求清洗﹑更换。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering9新风温度监控由新风通道的温度传感器实测新风温度,通过调节冷热水阀开度,使新风温度在设定的范围内,使室内的温度保持相对恒定。新风湿度监控由新风通道的湿度传感器实测新风的湿度信号,通过调节加湿阀的开度,使新风湿度在设定的范围内。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering10DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering11控制方式——定风量控制方式控制算法——比例积分调节方式防冻保护程序的启动风机停止,室外空气温度不高于5℃时;风机未停机,换热器出口水温低于8℃时关风门+关风机]1[)(1ιτιττΔ+Δ=∫∞−dTKVCDepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering12新回风混合空调系统比全新风空调系统增加了回风系统和排风系统,其目的是为了节约能源,净化室内空气,并可与消防系统联合排烟。由于增加了回风系统和排风系统,与全新风系统比较,需增加监控点:1、回风温度监控2、回风湿度监控3、新风/回风比例监控4、排烟系统监控三、新回风混合空调系统DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering13回风温度监控——回风通道的温度传感器实测回风温度,通过控制换热器上的调节阀的开度来调节热水(或冷水)流量,使回风温度控制在设定的范围内回风湿度监控——由回风通道的湿度传感器实测回风通道的湿度信号,通过控制蒸汽阀的开度来调节蒸汽流量,使回风湿度保持在设定的范围内。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering14新风/回风比例监控——根据新风通道中的温度、湿度传感器以及回风通道中的温度、湿度传感器实测出的新风温度及湿度,以及回风温度及湿度,调节新风电动风门和回风电动风门的开度,使新风/回风比例控制在预定值。在不同的气象条件下,应选择不同的新风/回风比例,以减少系统能耗。排烟系统监控——当发生火灾时,新风、回风系统立即停止工作,启动排烟系统。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering15DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering16四、变风量空调系统变风量系统(VAV,VariableairvolumeSystem)——当室内空调负荷改变以及室内空气参数设定值变化时,自动调节空调系统送入房间的送风量,使通过空气送入房间的负荷与房间的实际负荷相匹配,以满足室内人员的舒适要求或工艺生产的要求。同时送风量的自动调节可以最大限度地减少风机的动力,节约运行能耗。优点:降低运行能耗方面具有很大的优势实现局部区域(房间)的灵活控制能自动调节送入各房间冷量室内无过冷过热现象DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering17VAV空调系统示意图DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering18控制方式(1)风机出口阀门控制用传动装置改变风机出口蜗壳形态,从而改变风量。(2)风机入口导叶片控制通过风机入口装有的放射可活动叶片来调节叶片的角度,从而改变风量。(3)变节距控制改变轴流风机叶片的安装角度,以改变风量。(4)风机转速控制通过改变风机的转速,从而改变风机的运行曲线。通过理论分析,变风量系统的风量控制方式采用调节风机转速的控制方式所达到的节能效果最佳。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering19控制系统框图及末端线路说明DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering20作业1、绘制新风系统硬件配置图2、绘制空调系统硬件配置图3、简单论述空调系统的监控对象及控制原理DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering21第二节冷热源系统的监控常用的冷媒——氟利昂、溴化锂、氨等,制冷方式——压缩式制冷、热力制冷和冰蓄冷。制冷原理DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering22制冷系统监控主要内容冷冻机组的监测与控制冷却水系统的监测与控制冷冻水系统的监测与控制DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering23制冷系统监控原理图DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering24冷水机组联锁控制¾BAS在对某个制冷机组下达启动命令时,其相关设备的动作时间顺序应为:对应冷却水﹑冷冻水管路上的阀门立即开启;冷却塔风机﹑冷却水与冷冻水水泵延迟2~3min启动;制冷主机启动延迟3~4min执行。¾BAS在对某个制冷机组下达停止命令时,其相关设备的动作时间顺序设为:立即切断主机电源;冷却塔水泵﹑风机,冷冻水水泵延时3~5min停止;对应的管路阀门延时4~6min后关闭。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering25冷冻水供/回水温度监测通过供水总管上的温度传感器T1检测冷冻水供水温度,检测的信号送入DDC(AI)中,通过回水总管上的温度传感器T2检测冷冻水回水温度,检测的信号也送入DDC(AI)中。冷冻水供水水流量监控通过供水总管上的流量传感器F检测冷冻水流量,送入DDC(AI)中。水机组开启台数控制把上述三种信号送入DDC中,计算出实际的空调冷负荷,再根据实际冷负荷及压差旁通阀V的开度自动调整冷水机组投入台数与相应的循环水泵投入台数。以期达到最佳节能效果。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering26由压差传感器ΔP检测冷水供、回水总管之间的压差,送入DDC(AI),与压差预先设定值比较后,DDC送出相应信号(AO),调节位于供、回水总管之间的旁通阀的开度,实现进水与回水之间的旁通,以保持供、回水压差恒定。压差旁通控制DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering27水流检测、水泵控制冷冻水泵、冷却水泵启动后,通过水流开关FS检测水流状态,其信号送入DDC(DI)中,根据水流状态由DDC发出信号,通过电动阀调节水流。如果流量太小,甚至断流,把信号送入DDC,则系统自动报警,DDC送出信号自动停止相应制冷机运行。当某一台水泵出现故障,信号送入DDC,DDC发出信号控制备用水泵自动投入运行。DepartmentofBuildingDepartmentofBuildingServicesEngineeringServicesEngineering28冷却水温度监测利用温度传感器T4检测冷却塔出水温度,检测信号送入DDC(AI