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RealCommunicationAnIntegratedCourse制作外语教学与研究出版社版权所有Contents123456ActiveReading1TextDiscussthequotationGotothetextWhat’sinaName?1Todayit'sonlytheexceedinglyfamouswhoareknownbyjustonename,butevenSting,CherandMadonnastartedlifewithasurname.InEnglandalonetherearearound45,000differentsurnames.Butpriorto1000ADinBritain,everyonewasknownbythegivennameonly,orperhapstheirnickname.Text2Differentareasoftheworldadoptedsurnamesatdifferentperiodsintime.TheChinesewereamongthefirstpeopletousefamilynamestohonourtheirparentsfromabout2800BC.InEurope,theRomansstartedcallingpeoplebytheirgivennameandfamilynameinLatinfrom300BC,butitwasn'tcommonpracticethroughoutEuropeuntilthe10thor11thcentury,whenfirst,thelordsandgentry,thenmiddle-classcitizens,andfinallyeveryoneusedsurnames.TextThenecessityforsurnamesarosewhenthepopulationbegantogrow.Suddenlytherewasmorethanonepersonwiththesamenameinavillage,sosurnameswereused.Generally,thesesurnameswerenothandeddowntothenextgeneration,butafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,Irelandwasoneofthefirstcountriestoadopthereditarysurnames,andIrishsurnamesarefoundasearlyasthe10thcentury.Text3Ascommunitiesgrew,itbecamenecessarytoidentifyresidentsmorespecificallywithanamewhichreferredtoadominantfeaturesuchasaphysicalattribute,anoccupation,oraplaceoforigin.ThisledtonameslikeJohntheButcher,WilliamtheShort,HenryfromSutton,MaryoftheWood,andRoger,sonofRichard.Text4AftertheNormanConquestofEngland,thenewrulers(fromNormandyinnorthernFrance)oftherealmobligedpeopletoadoptfixedsurnamesforadministrativereasons,asaformofregistrationforthecensusandfortaxation.Gradually,mostSaxonandCelticnamesvanished(Oslaf,Oswald,Oswin–OsmeaningGod),andweseenameslikeCarpenter,Thatcher,CookandBaker,Hill,Forest.Anymanwholefthishomeandmovedtoanotherpartofthecountrywouldbecalledbytheplacewherehecamefrom,egJohnofYork,andotherimmigrantsfromIreland,HighlandScotlandandWales(whenitbecamepartofGreatBritainin1536)adoptedtheEnglishsystemofsurnames.Text5Surnamesfromplacesweremostcommon.Infact,morethanhalfofEnglishsurnamestodayderivefromgeographicdescriptions:Bedford,Berkley,Hampshirecouldhavebeennamesgiventopeoplewhomigratedfromtheseplacestoliveandworkelsewhere,ormayhavebeenthenamesofthelandownerswheretheylived.Text6Anameendingin-manor-erusuallysuggestsatradeoroccupation,althoughasthespellingwasonlyfixedinthe19thcentury,theyoftenlookdifferentfromtheoriginalword,forexampleLatimermeaningranslator,andJenner,engineer.Personalormoralqualitiesgeneratednamesaswell:Good,Goodchild,Thoroughgood,andBlake(Black).Text7Manysurnamescomefromsomeone'srelationshipwithanother,suchasWilliamson(William'sson).ThisnamingpatternbetweenafatherandhisheirscanbeseenclearlyinSweden,whereeachsuccessivegenerationfollowedsuit:Theso-calledHansPetersonwouldbethesonofPeter,andHansPeterson'ssonwouldbecalledJanHanson.(Onthefemaleside,thedaughterofHanswouldbecalledHansdotter.)TextTheNormanFrenchaddedFitz-tomeanchildofasinFitzpatrick,thechildofPatrick.TheIrishusedO',asinO'Brien,theDutchusedvan(vanBuren),theFrenchusedde(deGaulle),Arabicspeakersusedibn(ibnSaud)andtheScottishusedMac(MacDonald).Nexttimeyoufeellikeahamburger,tryaskingforasonofBigDonald,please–abigMac.Text8Ahistoricevent,suchasinvasionbyaforeignpower,hasoftenhadaneffectonsurnames,especiallywhentheofficiallanguageofthenewly-createdcolonywaschanged.ThisisparticularlynoticeableinregionsofCentralandEasternEurope,wherethebordersandthelanguageusedwithinthemhavechangedseveraltimesoverrecentyears.WhentheEnglishinvadedIrelandinthe1660s,andEnglishbecamethelegallanguage,GaelicnameswereanglicizedortranslatedintoEnglish.Text9It'softenpossibleforWesternerstorecognizethenationalityororiginofpeoplebytheirnames,butthisismuchmoredifficultforAsianstodo.Thereareasmanyrulesaboutthisastherearenamesbutwecansuggestsomeverygeneralguidelinesaboutgivennames.Basically,ifagivennameendsin-eor-a,itmaybeawoman'sname.Ifitendsinaconsonant,it'sprobablyaman'sname.TextIfanameendsin-e,-tte,or-elle(Marie,YvetteorIsabelle),itprobablybelongstoaFrenchwoman.RememberalsothatmanyFrenchwomen'snamesarethemaleversionwiththeadditional-e.Ifanameendsin-a,it'slikelytobeanItalianor,lesslikely,aSpanishorRussianname(Maria,Alessandra;Ana,Juliana;Olga,Natalya).Butthereareofcourseexceptionsformen'snames,suchasPierreandClaude(French).Text10Anameendingin-osor-isprobablybelongstoaGreekmale,forexample,Spyros,oannis.Namesendingin-chand-friedsuggestveryoftenGermanmen,suchasFriedrich,Gottfried.Namesendingwith-oarelikelytobeItalianorSpanish(Alessandro,Antonio,CarloandDiego,FranciscoandGonzalo).Text11Complicated?Well,intheUKandtheUS,asignificantproportionofthepopulationcomprisesasubstantialnumberofimmigrantsoverseveralgenerations,wheregivennamesandsurnamesfromdifferentoriginsarecombinedbypeoplemarryingoutsidetheirethnicgroup.Soimmigrationandintermarriagecomplicatesthesituationhugely,anditbecomesverydifficulttosaywithtotalcertaintywhatnationalitysomeoneis,onlyperhapswheretheirfamiliesoriginallycamefrom.Text名字说明了什么1现在，只有知名度极高的人才会仅仅凭一个名字就闻名于世，但即便是斯汀、雪儿、麦当娜这样的超级明星也是生来就有个姓氏的。现在仅在英国就有45,000个不同的姓氏。而在公元1000年