Chapter 1 A Brief History of__ Translation

Chapter1ABriefHistoryofTranslation1.1TheAimofTranslation滥兮抃草滥予昌冱泽予昌州州谌州焉乎秦胥胥缦予乎昭澶秦逾渗堤随河湖今夕何夕兮？搴洲中流，今日何日兮？得与王子同舟。蒙羞被好兮不訾垢耻。心儿烦而不绝兮得知王子。山有木兮木有枝，心悦君兮君不知。1.2ClassificationofTranslationtranslatorshumantranslation;machinetranslationmodesoralinterpretation;writtentranslationmaterialstobetranslatedliteraryworks;scientificmaterials;practicalwriting;politicalessaysdisposalfull-texttranslation;abridgedtranslation;adaptedtranslation;integratedtranslationtechniquesliteraltranslation;freetranslation;alliterationprinciplesforeignization;domesticationaimscommunicativetranslation;semantictranslationeffectsoverttranslation;coverttranslation1.3ABriefHistoryofTranslationAWesternHistoryofTranslationAChineseHistoryofTranslationAWesternHistoryofTranslationTheearliesttranslation:Septuagint(inabroadsense)Odyssey(inastrictsense)Themostfamoustranslation:RosettaStoneAWesternHistoryofTranslation1stclimax:Mid-3rdCenturyB.C.;GreekliteratureintoLatinAndronicus,NaeviusandEnniusAWesternHistoryofTranslation2ndclimax:4-6thCenturyA.D.;Themostfamoustranslator:St.Jerome—VulgateAWesternHistoryofTranslation3rdclimax:11-12thCenturyA.D.;MassivetranslationinTodeloCollaborationbetweenChristiansandMulismsAWesternHistoryofTranslation4thclimax:14-16thCenturyA.D.Renaissance;Luther,Chapman,FlorioAWesternHistoryofTranslation5thclimax:17-20thCenturyA.D.TranslationofclassicalworksandmodernandcontemporaryworksIntroductionofCervantes,Shakespeare,Balzac,GoetheAWesternHistoryofTranslation6thclimax:2ndWorldWar—Morefields,moretranslators,moretraininginstitutesMachinetranslationAChineseHistoryofTranslationRecordsoftheGrandHistorian象胥inZhouDynastyTermsoftranslators/interpreters:寄，象，狄鞮，译ThreeClimaxesofTranslation1stclimax:HanDynasty—SongDynasty2ndclimax:lateMingDynasty—earlyQingDynasty3rdclimax:lateQingDynasty—the1930s1949—TheFirstClimaxofTranslation1.EasternHanDynastyandtheThreeKingdomsPeriod(c.148-265)2.JinDynastyandtheNorthernandSouthernDynasties(c.265-589)3.SuiDynasty,TangDynastyandNorthernSongDynasty(c.589-1100)TheFirstPhaseTheWesternHanDynasty:伊存TheEasternHanDynasty:安世高：安息人（Persia）30volumes;《安般守意经》支娄迦谶wordforword,lineforline三支支亮支谦，175volumes竺法护：fromYuezhiYuezhiSchoolZhiQian支谦因循本质,不加文饰“followingtheoriginalmeaningwithoutanyembroidery”.“法句经序”：“佛言，依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”Emphasizingtheconveyanceoftheoriginalmeaningandexpressivenessofthetranslation.TheSecondPhaseMonkDaoAn释道安Restrictliteraltranslationofwordforwordandlineforline案本而传,不令有损言游字“Preachingaccordingtotheoriginalwithoutanydeductionoraddition”五失本“fivelosses”1)unnecessaryreversionofthewordorder,2)addeddescription(whichdoesnotexistintheoriginal),3)cuttingofrepeatedwording(necessaryasreligiousscripturesforprayers),4)omissionofrepetitionofcertainconclusivemessages,and5)cuttingofcontentsrepeatedasintroductiontoanewtopic.Kumurajiva鸠摩罗什Over300volumesofscriptureRepresentatives:《金刚经》、《法华经》、《十二门论》、《中观论》、《维摩经》依实出华“elegancebasedontheoriginal”Paramartha真谛49volumes《摄大乘论》TheThirdPhaseMonkYanzong释彦琮ThefirstChinesemonktranslatorofBuddhistscripturesOver100volumes8pointsforscripturetranslationXuanzang玄奘17yearsonthewaytoIndia19yearsontranslationof1,300volumesofBuddhistscriptures3prominenttranslatorsofChina:Xuanzang,KumurajivaandParamartha五不译1.Whatismysterious;2.Whatispoly-semantic;3.Whatistooalientobeaccepted;4.Whatishereditary;5.Whatisphilanthropic.e.g.“阿弥陀佛”for“Amitabha”SongDynastyCompletetranslationhousessystemBuddhistscripturetranslation:SongVSTangQuantity:almostthesameQuality:inferiorTheSouthernSongDynasty:NotranslationinrecordTheSecondClimaxBuddhistscripturetranslationdeclinedThewesternphysicalscienceof17thcentury,ancientGreekphilosophy,scienceandtechnologyintroducedCollaborationbetweenChineseIntellectualsandWesternMissionaries马礼逊、利玛窦、汤若望徐光启、杨廷筠、李之藻Representatives:《几何原本》、《测量法义》、《泰西水法》、《奇器图说》、《四洲志》、《西艺知新》Organizations:四夷馆（MingDynasty），同文馆、京师译学馆、江南制作总局翻译馆、墨海学馆、益智书会、文会馆、广学会等TheThirdClimaxofTranslationYanFu:ThefirstonetosystematicallyintroducewesternacademicthoughtsandbourgeoisthoughtsandcultureStudyinEnglandat25StudyChinesefromWuRulun（吴汝纶）HisstudyandhorizonsuperiortoLiHongzhang,KangYouweiandLiangQichaoInphilosophy,《天演论》(EvolutionandEthics);Ineconomy,《原富》(AnInquiryintotheNatureandCauseoftheWealthofNations);Inpolitics,《社会通诠》(AHistoryofPolitics);Inlaw,Montesquieu《法意》(TheSpiritoftheLaws);Insociology,《群学肄言》(OnLiberty).Inethnics,《穆勒名学》、《名学浅说》蔡元培：“此书（《天演论》）出后，‘优胜劣败’等成为人人的口头禅”。梁启超：“介绍西洋哲学的第一人”，“与本国思想发生影响的第一人”。信、达、雅Faithfulness(fidelity)Expressiveness(comprehensibility)EleganceLinShu170booksof12millionwords《巴黎茶花女遗事》（LaDameauxCamelias）《块肉余生述》(DavidCopperfield)《王子复仇记》(Hamlet)《撒克逊劫后英雄略》(Ivanho)《黑奴吁天录》(UncleTom'sCabin)严复：“可怜一卷茶花女，断尽支那荡子肠”。胡适：“林纾译出的速度四倍于我”。康有为诗云：“译才并世数严、林”。茅盾：“除了几个小错误，颇能表达原文”。钱钟书：“很多都值得重读，与其读‘准确’的译文，还不如读林纾的译文，保留着原文的特色和风格”。TheMayFourthMovement-1949ProgressivewesternideasEsp.therevolutionaryprinciplesofcommunism陈望道－《共产党宣言》李达－《政治经济学批判》Features1.Classicalstyleofwritingreplacedbywritinginvernacular