Chapter 1 Introduction to__ Linguistics

LinguisticsPresentedby:ZhangMingfangSchoolofForeignLanguages,HEBUSTLecture1:AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsCourseDescriptionGeneralAimofthiscoursetohelpEnglishmajorslayanelementaryfoundationinlinguistics,knowaboutthemajorbranchesoflinguisticsandtheimportanttheoriesconcernedineachbranch,thenewdevelopmentinlinguistics;GeneralAimofthiscoursetoarousestudents’interestinlinguisticsandmotivatethemtostudytheaspectsoflanguagefromdifferentperspectives;GeneralAimofthiscoursetoimprovestudents’EnglishproficiencyingeneralandtoenhancetheirawarenessofpatternsandregularitiesintheEnglishlanguageTextbook胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社.2006.语言学教程网络版：httpy://linguistics.bjfu.edu.cnOthertextbooks:陈佑林、何举纯：《现代语言学概论》华中师范大学出版社，2008.何兆熊、梅德明：《现代语言学》外语教学与研究出版社，1999.胡壮麟、刘润清、李延福：《语言学教程》（新版）外语教学与研究出版社，2001.杨信彰：《语言学概论》高等教育出版社，2004.张鑫友.《语言学教程修订版学习指南》.湖北科学技术出版社.2003.戴韦栋，何照熊.《简明语言学教程》.上海：上外出版社.2003.王德春,《语言学概论》.上海：上海外语教育出版社[e-mail]:yingyuxi语言学网络资源Te[e-mail]:yingyuxiAssessmentFormativeAssessment30%SummativeAssessment70%AttendanceParticipationProjectChapter1、2Chapter3、4Chapter5、8Whatislinguistics?JeanAitchison(1978:11)–“systematicstudyoflanguage.”DavidCrystal(1997:225)–“scientificstudyoflanguage.”Linguisticsisabranchofsciencewhichtakeslanguageasitsobjectofinvestigation.Thetwotasksoflinguistics[Crystal1968:26]Thestudyofparticularlanguagestoproducecompleteandaccuratedescriptionsofthem.Thestudyoflanguageinordertobeabletoobtaininformationaboutthenatureoflanguageingeneral.(GL)Mysteriesandmechanismsoflanguage--Wheredoeslanguagecomefrom?How?When?--Whyislanguagehuman-specific?--Whycanachildlearnhis/hermothertongueinashortperiodoftime?--Howdoeslanguagechange?--Howcanpeopletalkorderly?--Howcanwesayonethingbutmeananother?--Whycanapersonspeakandunderstandasentences/hehadneverspokenorheardbefore?Etc.I.ThemajorbranchesofLinguisticsLinguisticsLanguageSoundswordssentencesmeaningPhonetics/phonologymorphologysyntaxsemantics/pragmaticsLinguisticsLanguageSoundswordssentencesmeaningPhonetics/phonologymorphologysyntaxsemantics/pragmaticsI.ThemajorbranchesofLinguisticsLinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyLexicologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsPsycholinguisticsCognitivelinguisticsSociolinguisticsAppliedLinguisticsAnthropologicalLinguisticsComputationalLinguisticsLiterarystylisticsPhoneticsstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonologystudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguage(orstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication).Morphologystudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.Syntaxstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences.Semanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.—languageacquisition,languageproduction,comprehension,etc.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts(概念)areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.AppliedlinguisticsInabroadsense,itisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies.Inanarrowsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.II.TheoriginofLanguage(P8)1.TheDivine-OriginTheoryAdam’snamingAndoutofthegroundtheLORDGodformedeverybeastofthefield,andeveryfowloftheair;andbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem:andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature,thatwasthenamethereof.耶和华神用土所造成的野地各样走兽和空中各样飞鸟都带到那人面前，看他叫什么。那人怎样叫各样的活物，那就是它的名字。AndAdamgavenamestoallcattle,andtothefowloftheair,andtoeverybeastofthefield;butforAdamtherewasnotfoundanhelpmeetforhim.那人便给一切牲畜和空中飞鸟，野地走兽都起了名。只是那人没有遇见配偶帮助他。2.TheInventionTheory1)Thebow-wowtheory拟声说2)Thepooh-poohtheory感叹说3)Theyo-he-hotheory劳动喊声说4)TheDing-dongtheory（丁咚说/声象说）3.TheEvolutionaryTheoryThereiscertainrelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentoflanguageandtheevolutionarydevelopmentofthehumanspecies.1.Childrenarebornwithboththoughtandlanguage.2.Thedevelopmentofthephysicalapparatusforspeech.3.Itislaborthatcreatedthenecessityforlanguage.III.DesignFeaturesofLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Designfeaturesdefineourhumanlanguages.(Thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication)III.DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.ArbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds,butitisnotcompletelyarbitrary.wordForm≠MeaningwordAtlexicallevel:词汇层面ArbitrarinessArosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet(Shakespeare'sRomeoandJuliet,1594)AtthelexicallevelbutnotatthesyntacticlevelNaturalism自然主义vs.