国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解,无的为一般记忆和了解)Chapterone1.国际贸易概念:Internationaltradeisalsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntrade,overseastrade.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.Besides,internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.2.国际贸易产生的原因:(了解)1)Resourcereasons(naturalresource,humanresourceandtechnology)2)Economicreasons(economicbenefits,comparativeadvantageandeconomiesofscale)3)Otherreasons(politicalreasons,differencesintastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同:Inparticular,internationaltradeismoresubjectto:1)Languagehabitsandculturaldifferences2)Foreignlaws,customsandregulationsorinternationalrules3)Exchangeratefluctuationsandinterestrate4)Higherlevelofpolitical,financialandtransportationrisks5)Morecomplexbusinessproceduresthereforemanagersneedabroaderrangeofmanagementskills4.国际贸易的分类:1)从货物流向(directionofcargoflow)分:exporttrade,importtradeandtransittrade(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易方(thenumberofparticipants)分:directtrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade(转口贸易)转口贸易:entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabroad.转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易,是指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖,不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行,而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。对于第三国来说,就是转口贸易,与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权会发生转移,并且只涉及一个贸易方。国际上有很多中转地,如新加坡,香港,鹿特丹等3)从商品形式(formofgoods)分:有形贸易(visible/tangiblegoodstrade)和无形贸易(invisible/intangiblegoodstrade)4)按结算方式(thesettlementinstrument)分:易货贸易(bartertrade)和自由结汇贸易(free-liquidationtrade)5.进出口贸易的程序:Exportandimportprocedures:Generalspeaking,fromthebeginningtotheendofatransaction,thewholeoperationundergoesfourstages:1)thepreparationofatransaction2)thenegotiationofthecontract3)theperformanceofthecontract4)thesettlementofdisputes其中第二个环节:①Negotiationcanbeconductedintwoforms:Inwords(face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone)Inwriting(businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails)②Fourmainsteps:询盘(enquiry),发盘(offer),还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)Chaptertwo国际贸易术语1.三种贸易术语的解释规则(threesetsofrules)1)1932年华沙牛津规则(Warsaw-OxfordRules1932)2)美国对外贸易修正案1941(RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941)3)2000年国际贸易术语解释通则(InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms2000)2.incoterms2000的具体内容(E、F、C、D组的划分,重点在F、C类)(这个不知道怎么写,看书本P34-42)3.装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别Shipmentcontract:起运前交付(thedeliverywillhappenatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment)如:EFC类Arrivalcontract:到达目的地后交付(deliveratthetimeofarrival)5.象征性交接合实际交接Symbolicdelivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物,而是通过一系列运输单据证明其交接。(thebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods,thedeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer)只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实,并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致的货物。Actualdelivery:thebuyer(orhisagent)physicallyreceivesthegoodsuponthetimeofdeliveryChapterthree出口商品的价格1.出口商品价格的表达(expressionofexportprice)Thestandardformatofapriceininternationaltradehasfourcomponents通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分:货币(acodeofcurrency)金额(anumberindicatingtheprice)数量单位(aunitformeasuringquantity)贸易术语(acertaintradeterm)例如:USD22.5/PieceCIFNewYork这是一种出口价格的表现形式,在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易,每件货为22.5美元2.价格的计算FOB价格:以出口国货币计算FOB=totalcost+profit以外国货币计算FOB=(Totalcost+profit)/ExchangerateCFR价格:CFR=FOB+OceanfreightCIF价格:CIF=FOB+Oceanfreight+InsurancePremiumInsurancepremium=CIF*(1+markup)*Premiumrate(R)CIF=CFR/(1-markup*R)包含佣金(commission)的价格:①Commission(C)=contractvalue*commissionrate②PriceincludingC=netprice/(1–Crates)Netprice=priceincludingC(1-Crates)PriceincludingC指的是FOB或FCA条件下的价格折扣价:Discount=contractprice*discountrateActualprice=contractprice–discount=contractprice*(1-discountrate)3.价格评估的两个指标:出口利润率(Exportprofitmargin):Exportprofitmargin=exportrevenue(FOB)–exportcost(FOB)Exportrevenue(FOB)公式中用的是FOB价格,即不包含运费保险费的价格,并且使用的是出口国货币。反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润,越大越好出口换汇成本(ExportCostforForeignExchange):Exportcostforforeignexchange=exportcostinlocalcurrencyExportrevenueinforeigncurrency该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本,越小越好4.定价的四个步骤:(要求能够知道概念和判断)询盘:Apotentialclientasksforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingofacertaincommodity.发盘:Asufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.还盘:Areplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsofothermodifications.接受:Anunconditionalstatementmadeformallybyoranactionconductedbytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferorcounter-offer.参考书上67-72页的几个exampleChapterfour商品条款1.品质条款:注:CISG规定,如果一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖,那么卖方必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件1)商品质量用文字说明表示(salebydescription)凭规格买卖(salebyspecification):用商品质量的若干指标,如大小、容量、成分等凭等级买卖(salebygrade):如一级二级,大中小号等凭标准买卖(salebystandard):采用一些组织如ISO制定公布的标准。有两种主要的标准:良好平均品质F.A.Q(多适用于农产品销售)和上好可销品质G.M.Q(多适用于木材,冷冻类产品)凭品牌和商标买卖(salebybrandnameortrademark)凭产地买卖(salebyorigin)凭说明书和图样买卖(salebydescriptionsorillustrations)2)商品质量用实物样品表示(salebysample)①凭卖方样品买卖(salebyseller’ssample):卖方提供原样,买方选择,卖方需留样(duplicate)②凭买方样品买卖:又叫来样制作,但容易产生工业产权纠纷③凭对等样品买卖(salebycountersample):对等样品又叫回样areturnedsample或确认样aconfirmedsample,是卖方根据买方来样仿制的样品。为避免纠纷,需由第三方或公证机关进行“封