Unite12、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)CompressionMembers受压构件(2)criticalbucklingload临界屈曲荷载(3)theslendernessratio细长比(4)stubcolumn短柱(5)reducedmodulus简化模量(6)Effectivelength计算长度(7)Residualstress残余应力(8)Trial-and-errorapproach试算法(9)Radiusofgyration回转半径(10)Tangentmodulus切线模量3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Thisidealstateisneverachievedinreality,however,andsomeeccentricityoftheloadisinevitable.然而,在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有实现,一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)Inmanyinstancesthemembersarealsocalledupontoresistbending,andinthesecasesthememberisabeam-column.在许多情况下,构件同样需要能够抵抗弯矩,在这些情况下,构件被称之为梁柱。(3)Ifthememberissoslenderthatthestressjustbeforebucklingisbelowtheproportionallimit---thatis,thememberisstillelastic---thecriticalbucklingloadisgivenbyQ.如果该构件很细长以至于在压曲前的应力低于比例极限---也就是说,该构件仍然是弹性状态---该构件的该临界屈曲荷载就可以由公式Q给出。(4)TheratioL/ristheslendernessratioandisthemeasureofacompressionmember’sslenderness,withlargevaluescorrespondingtoslendermembers.L/r这一比值是长细比,是受压构件的长细的量度,细长的构件具有较大的值。(5)Ifthestressatwhichbucklingoccursisgreaterthantheproportionallimitofthematerial,therelationbetweenstressandstrainisnotlinear,andthemodulusofelasticityEcannolongerbeused.如果屈曲发生时的应力超过了材料的比例极限,应力与应变之间的关系不再是线性的,弹性模量E不能再使用(6)Ifthememberismorestocky,astheoneinFig.1.1b,alargerloadwillberequiredtobringthemembertothepointofinstability.如果构件更粗壮,如图Fig.1.1b所示,要把构件到达不稳定点,一个更大的荷载将被要求。(7)Thetipsoftheflanges,forexample,coolatafasterratethanthejunctionoftheflangeandtheweb.Thisunevencoolinginducesstressesthatremainpermanently.例如,轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。(8)In1947,FRShanleyresolvedtheapparentinconsistenciesintheoriginaltheory,andtodaythetangentmodulusformula,Eq.1.3,isacceptedasthecorrectoneforinelasticbuckling.1947年,FRShanley解决原有理论的表面不相容性,并且切线模量公式,Eq.1.3,被接受作为非弹性屈曲计算的正确公式。(9)Thecompositecurve,calledacolumnstrengthcurve,completelydescribesthestabilityofanycolumnofagivenmaterial.这条复合曲线,被称为柱强度曲线,完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。(10)Sinceitisvirtuallyimpossibletoconstructafrictionlesspinconnection,eventhissupportconditioncanonlybecloselyapproximatedatbest.因为实际上不可能构建一个无摩擦销连接,更不用说这个支撑条件至多只可以尽量近似。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)受压构件是只承受轴向压力的结构构件。Compressionmembers(受压构件)arethosestructuralelementsthataresubjectedonlytoaxialcompressionforces(2)公式1.1要成立,构件必须是弹性的并且其两端必须能自由转动但不能横向移动。ForEq1.1tobevalid,themembermustbeelastic,anditsendsmustbyfreetorotate(旋转)butnottranslatelaterally(侧移).(3)临界荷载又是被称为欧拉荷载或欧拉屈曲荷载。Thecriticalload(临界荷载)issometimesreferredtoastheEulerload(欧拉荷载)ortheEulerbucklingload(欧拉弯曲荷载).(4)图1.2中的应力——应变曲线不同于延性钢的应力——应变曲线,因为它有明显的非非线性区域。Thestress-straincurveinFig.1.2isdifferentfromtheonesforductilesteel(延性钢材)becauseithasapronouncedregion(显著区域)ofnonlinearity.(5)其他因素,想焊接和冷弯,都能影响残余应力,但冷却过程是残余应力的主要来源。Otherfactors,suchaswelding(焊接)andcold-bending(冷弯)tocreatecurvature(曲率)inabeam,cancontributetotheresidualstress,butthecoolingprocessisthechiefsource(主要因素).Unite22、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)crosssection截面(2)bendingmoment弯矩(3)liveload活载(4)forceduetogravity重力(5)buildingcode建筑规范(6)functionaldesign功能设计(7)nonstructuralcomponents非结构构件(8)Nonprofitorganization非赢利组织(9)theUniformBuildingCode统一建筑规范(10)theStandardBuildingCode标准建筑规范3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Thestructuraldesignofbuildings,whetherofstructuralsteel(结构钢)orreinforcedconcrete(钢筋混凝土),requiresthedeterminationoftheoverallproportions(整体比例)anddimensionsofthesupportingframework(支撑结构)andtheselectionofthecrosssectionsofindividualmembers.建筑的结构设计,不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料,都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小,以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。(2)Thearchitectdecideshowthebuildingshouldlook;theengineermustmakesurethatitdoesn’tfalldown.建筑师决定建筑物的外观,结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。(3)Agooddesignrequirestheevaluationofseveralframingplans(框架平面图)-thatis,differentarrangementsofmembersandtheirconnections.一个好的设计,要求要评估不同的框架平面图,也就是说,对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。(4)Beforeanyanalysis,however,adecisionmustbemadeonthebuildingmaterialtobeused;itwillusuallybereinforcedconcrete,structuralsteel,orboth.然而,在做任何分析之前,必须决定建筑物的使用材料,通常可以是钢筋混凝土,结构钢,或者两者公用。(5)Alloftheloadsmentionedthusfar(目前为止)areforcesduetogravityandarereferredtoasgravityloads.目前为止所提到的荷载,均是由于重力而产生的,或者被当作是重力荷载。(6)Iftheloadisappliedandremovedmanytimesoverthelifeofthestructure,fatiguestress(疲劳应力)becomesaproblem,andwemustaccountforitseffects.若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除,则疲劳应力就会成为问题,我们必须考虑它的影响。(7)Sincelateralloads(侧向荷载)aremostdetrimental(对有害)totallstructures,windloadsareusuallynotasimportantforlowbuildings,butuplift(浮托力)onlightroofsystems(屋顶体系)canbecritical.由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害,因此,对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的,但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。(8)Astructuralanalysisoftheeffectsofanearthquakerequiresananalysisofthestructure’sresponsetothegroundmotionproducedbytheearthquake分析地震对结构的作用,需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。(9)Othertypesofliveloadareoftentreatedasseparatecategories,suchashydrostaticpressure(液体静压力)andsoilpressure其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别,例如液体静压力和土压力。(10)Althoughsomelargecitieswritetheirownbuildingcodes,manymunicipalities(自治市)willadopta“model”(典型)buildingcodeandmodifyittosuittheirparticularneeds.虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范,但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范,即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。5、Translatethefollowingsentence