语言学家Charles-J.-Fillmore

CharlesJ.FillmoreanAmericanlinguistLifeandAwards•bornin1929•1961Ph.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan•1961-1970TheOhioStateUniversity•1971theUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley•anEmeritusProfessorofLinguistics•1997theleaderoftheFrameNetproject•2012LifetimeAchievementAwardfromtheAssociationforComputationalLinguistics(theawardisgivenforwidelyrecognized,sustained,andenduringcontributionstothefieldofcomputationallinguistics)•the2012AntonioZampolliPrize•inrecognitionofhisoutstandingcontributionstotheadvancementoflanguageresourcesandlanguagetechnologyevaluationMostinfluentialtheories•casegrammar(1960s)•framesemantics(1970s-1980s)•constructiongrammar(inthelate1980s)CaseGrammar•Casegrammarisatypeofgenerativegrammar.ItisamodificationtoChomsky'stransformationalgrammar•TheCaseforCase1968•Someproblemsforcasegrammar1971•Thecaseforcasereopened1977•Thistheoryanalyzesthesurfacesyntacticstructureofsentencesbystudyingthecombinationofdeepcases,whicharerequiredbyaspecificverb.•Verbisregardedasthemostimportantpartofthesentence•deepcasesrefertotherelationshipsbetweentheverbandvariousnounphrasesinthedeepstructureofasentence•Agent(A)John(A)openedthedoor(O).•Object(O)•Instrumental(I)Hecuttheropewithaknife(I).•Beneficiary(B)Johngavemoneytotheschool(B).•Experiencer(E)Tom(E)wasangry.•Locative(L)HelivesinChicago(L).•Time(T)•Path(P)•Source(S)•Goal(G)SeveraldeepcasesThestudentsolvedproblemswithacalculatorintheclassroomthismorning.A+V+O+I+L+TTGGrammar•bytrain•onthestreet•onthenextdayCaseGrammar•bytrainInstrument•onthestreetLocative•onthenextdayTime•Tombroketheglasswiththehammer.NVDetNPDetNTGGrammarCaseGrammar•Tombroketheglasswiththehammer.A+V+O+ITheglasswasbrokenbyTomwiththehammer.O+V+A+I•Thesecasesareeasilyidentifiableacrosslanguages,andareheldbymanypsychologiststoplayanimportantpartinchildlanguageacquisition.Inflence:•Theinfluenceofcasegrammaroncontemporarylinguisticshasbeensignificant.Somelinguistictheoriesincorporatedeepcases,suchasthethematicstructureinGovernmentandBindingtheory.FrameSemantics•Duringthe1970s,Fillmoregraduallydiscoveredsomedefectsofthecasegrammartheory,anddevelopedhistheoryontoframesemantics.•Framesemanticsisatheoryoflinguisticmeaning.Itrelateslinguisticsemanticstoencyclopaedicknowledge.Twomainideasinframesemantics•1.awordactivates,orevokes,aframeofsemanticknowledgerelatingtothespecificconceptitrefersto.•e.g.cookCookFoodContainerHeatinginstrument•Becausetheframesarebasicallysemantic,theyareoftensimilaracrosslanguages•e.g.framesaboutcommercialtransactioninvolvetheframeelementslikeBuyer,Seller,Goods,andMoney,regardlessofthelanguageinwhichtheyareexpressed.•2.Wordsnotonlyhighlightindividualconcepts,butalsospecifyacertainperspectivefromwhichtheframeisviewed.•e.g.TomsoldJohnthebookforthreedollars.•JohnboughtthebookfromTomforthreedollars.•ThebookcostJohnthreedollars.•thefirstsentenceviewsthesituationfromtheperspectiveoftheseller(Tom);thesecondone,thebuyer(John)andthethirdone,thegoods(thebook)Basicideasinframesemamtics:•seelanguageasrootedinhuman'slifeexperience•approachwordandmeaningintermsofcognitiveframes•FramesemanticsconstitutesapioneeringforceforthedevelopmentofCognitiveLinguistics,particularlyCognitiveSemantics.•FillmoreisregardedasoneofthefoundersofCognitiveLinguisticsFrameNet•beganin1997basedonframesemantics•acomputionallexicographyprojecthousedatICSI(theInternationalComputerScienceInstitute)inBerkeley,California.•awide-rangingon-linedescriptionoftheEnglishlexicon.••FortheresearchersinNaturalLanguageProcessing,theprojectprovidesauniquetrainingdatasetforsemanticrolelabeling,usedinapplicationssuchasinformationextraction,machinetranslation,eventrecognition,sentimentanalysis,etcConstructionGrammar•1988Fillmore&Kay•Regularityandidiomaticityingrammaticalconstruction:Thecaseofletalone•Thispaper,togetherwithGeorgeLakoff'sThere-ConstructionspropelledcognitivelinguistsintothestudyofConstructionGrammar.•FillmoreisregardedasoneoftheprecursorsofconstructiongrammarContributions•influentialintheareasofsyntaxandlexicalsemantics.Hehasilluminatedthefundamentalimportanceofsemantics,anditsroleinmotivatingsyntacticandmorphologicalphenomena.•oneofthefoundersofcognitivelinguistics•influentialincomputationallinguisticsandnaturallanguageprocessing.