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1:财政学单词复习ChapterONE1.publicfinance(publicsectoreconmics/publiceconomics):Thefieldofeconmicsthatanalyzesgovernmenttaxationandspending.2.unifiedbudget:Thedocumentthatincludesallthefederalgovernment’srevenuesandexpenditures.3.regulatorybudget:Anannualstatementofthecostsimposedontheeconomybygovernmentregulations.(xianzaimeiyoule)4.entitlementprograms:Programswhoseexpendituresaredeterminedbythenumberofpeoplewhoqualify,ratherthanpresetbudgetallocations.ChapterTWO5.substitutioneffect:Thetendencyofanindividualtoconsumemoreofonegoodandlessofanotherbecauseofadecreaseinthepriceoftheformerrelativetothelatter.6.normalgood:Agoodforwhichdemandincreasesasincomeincreasesanddemanddecreasesasincomedecreases,otherthingsbeingthesame.7.incomeeffect:Theeffectofapricechangeonthequantitydemandeddueexclusivelytothefactthattheconsumer’sincomehaschanged.8.correlation:Ameasureoftheextenttowhichtwoeventsmovetogether.9.treatmentgroup:Thegroupofindividualswhoaresubjecttotheinterventionbeingstudied.10.controlgroup:Thecomparisongroupofindividualswhoarenotsubjecttotheinterventionbeingstudied.11.biasedestimate:Anestimatethatconflatesthetruecausalimpactwiththeimpactofoutsidefactors.2:财政学单词复习12.coumterfactual:Theoutcomeforpeopleinthetreatmentgrouphadtheynotbeentreated.13.experimentalstudy:Anempiricalstudyinwhichindividualsarerandomlyassignedtothetreatmentandcontrolgroups.14.observationalstudy:Anempiricalstudythatreliesonobserveddatathatarenotobtainedfromanexperimentalsetting.15.econometrics:Thestatisticaltoolsforanalyzingeconomicdata.16.regressionline:Thelinethatprovidesthebestfitthroughascatterofdatapoints.17.standarderror:Astatisticalmeasureofhowmuchanestimatedregressioncoefficientmightvaryfromitstruevalue.18.cross-sectionaldata:Datathatcontaininformationonentitiesatagivenpointintime.19.time-seriesdata:Datathatcontaininformationonanentityatdifferentpointsintime.20.paneldata:Datathatcontaininformationonindividualentitiesatdifferentpointoftime.21.quasi-experimentalstudy:Anobservationalstudythatreliesoncircumstancesoutsideoftheresearcher’scontroltomimicrandomassignment.22.differerce-in-differenceanalysis:Ananalysisthatcompareschangesovertimeinanoutcomeofthetreatmentgrouptochangesoverthesametimeperiodintheoutcomeofthecontrolgroup.23.instrumentalvariablesanalysis:Ananalysisthatreliesonfindingsomevariablethataffectsentryintothetreatmentgroup,butinitselfisnotcorrelatedwiththeoutcomevariable.24.regression-discontinuityanalysis:Ananalysisthatreliesonastrictcut-offcriterionforeligibilityoftheinterventionunderstudyinordertoapproximateanexperimentaldesign.3:财政学单词复习ChapterTHREE25.welfareeconomics:Thebranchofeconomictheoryconcernedwiththesocialdesirabilityofalternativeeconomicstates.26.edgeworthbox:Adeviceusedtodepictthedistributionofgoodsinatwogood-twopersonworld.27.paretoefficient:Anallocationofresourcessuchthatnopersoncanbemadebetteroffwithoutmakinganotherpersonworseoff.28.paretoimprovement:Areallocationofresourcesthatmakesatleastonepersonbetteroffwithoutmakinganyoneelseworseoff.29.contractcurve:Thelocusofallparetoefficientpoints.30.productionpossibilitiescurve:Agraphthatshowsthemaximumquantityofoneoutputthatcanbeproduced,giventheamountoftheotheroutput.31.marginalrateoftransformation:Therateatwhichtheeconomycantransformonegoodintoanothergood;itistheabsolutevalueoftheslopeoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.32.marginalcost:Theincrementalcostofproducingonemoreunitofoutput.33.utilitypossibilitiescurve:Agraphshowingthemaximumamountofoneperson’sutilitygiveneachlevelofutilityattainedbytheotherperson.34.socialwelfarefunction:Afunctionreflectingsociety’sviewsonhowtheutilitiesofitsmembersaffectthewell-beingofsocietyasawhole.35.monopoly:Amarketwithonlyonesellerofagood.36.asymmetricinformation:Asituationinwhichonepartyengagedinaneconomictransactionhasbetterinformationaboutthegoodorservicetradedthantheotherparty.37.externality:Acostorbenefitthatoccurswhentheactivityofoneentitydirectlyaffectsthewelfareofanotherinawaythatisoutsidethemarketmechanism.38.publicgood:Agoodthatisnonrivalandnonexcludableinconsumption.39.meritgood:4:财政学单词复习Acommoditythatoughttobeprovidedevenifpeopledonotdemandit.ChapterFOUR40.Purepublicgood:Acommoditythatisnonrivalandnonexcludableinconsumption.41.Privategood:Acommoditythatisrivalandexcludableinconsumption.42.Impurepublicgood:Agoodthatisrivaland/orexcludabletosomeextent.43.Publiclyprovidedprivategoods:rivalandexcludablecommoditiesthatareprovidedbygovernments.44.Horizontalsummation:Theprocessofcreatingamarketdemandcurvebysummingthequantities.45.Verticalsummation:theprocessofaggregatedemandcurveforapublicgoodbyaddingthepriceseachindividualiswillingtopayforagivenquantityofthegood.46.Freerider:theincentivetoletotherpeoplepayforapublicgoodwhileyouenjoythebenefits.47.Perfectpricediscrimination:whenaproducerchargeseachpersonthemaximumheorsheiswillingtopaythegood.48.Privatization:Theprocessofturningservicesthataresuppliedbythegovernmentovertotheprivatesectorforprovisionand/orproduction.49.Commodityegalitarianism:theideathatsomecommoditiesoughttobema