大学英语阅读题以及答案

阅读理解(共75小题,75分)作业与测试测试分析阅读理解75题，总分值：75分Directions：Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofcountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilized(利用)tothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesordevelopresourceshitherto(到目前为止)unexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovations(创新)forthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEurope,theprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.1)Whatisbelievedtodirectlyaffectthewelfareofpeopleaccordingtothepassage?A.VaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolB.Economicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.C.Economistsandoperationalresearchexperts.D.Helpofspecializedscientists.2)Howcanthegovernmentsdotopromotetheproduction?A.ByinterferingindifferentsectorsthatcanpromotescienceandtechnologytoensuresmoothoperationB.Byaskingthescientistsandtechnologiststoimproveefficiency.C.Byutilizingnaturalresourcestothebestadvantage.D.Bychangingthestructureofeducationtotrainmorescientists.3)Whatcanbeinferredfromthedevelopmentinmass-communications?A.Peopleareconstantlychangingtheircustomsandideas.B.Peoplealwayswantsomethingnewandremarkabletofeelbetter.C.Governmentsareundergreaterpressureofbringingaboutnewinventions.D.Governmentsareoftenforcedtokeepupwithnewcustomsandideas.4)Whathasposedpressuresandproblemsforthegovernmentsconcernedaccordingtothepassage?A.Socialchangesthroughouttheworldarespeedingupcomparedwiththepast.B.Therateofsocialchangesintheearlyindustrializedcountriesisbecomingslownow.C.Thefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternscanbespreadoverinadevelopingcountrywithinadecade.D.Thenormalrateofsocialchangesistakingplaceatasteadyspeed.5)Whyaregovernmentsbecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientists?A.Becausegovernmentsneedtohandlesocialstressesandproblems.B.Becausegovernmentswanttolearnfromearlyindustrializedcountries.C.Becausegovernmentshavetomakemodernmeansoftransportrelativelyeasy.D.Becausegovernmentsneedthemfortheindustrializationoftheirowncountries.参考答案：1)B2)A3)C4)A5)A解析：（无）∧收起解析Whydosmokerstendtoweighlessthannonsmokersandgainweightwhentheygiveupthehabit?Contraryto“commonknowledge”,nonsmokersdonotgenerallyeatmorethansmokers,nordotheyexerciseless,studiesfind.Researchperformedonsmokersatrestindicatesthatnicotine(尼古丁)itselfcanincreasebasalmetabolic(新陈代谢的)rates,meaningsmokersburnmoreenergythannonsmokersduringperiodsofinactivity.Butsurveyssuggestmostsmokerssmokenotwhilecompletelyatrest,butwhileperforminglightactivitiessuchasdeskworkthatcanincreasemetabolicratesbytwoorthreetimes.Unlessnicotine’smetaboliceffectsincreaseproportionallywithmetabolicrates,itsinfluenceonweightmightbeinsignificant.Nowastudyshowsthatnicotine’seffectsonbody-fuelconsumptionindeedincreaseproportionallywithincreasesinactivity.“Theseresultsindicatethatthemetaboliceffectofnicotinemayplayagreaterpartinaccountingforbody-weightdifferencesbetweensmokersandnonsmokersthanwaspreviouslybelieved,”saysKennethA.PerkinsandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine.Theresearchersgaveanicotinenosespraytoindividualsperforminglightwork—inthiscaseridinganexercisebicyclemodifiedtoalloweasyridingwhilesubjectsremainseatedinacomfortablearmchair.Theactivityraisedrestingmetabolicratestwotothreeti