《英语修辞学》第十章

EnglishRhetoricByChenPingChapterTenSemanticFiguresofSpeechPage2•10.1Simile•10.2Metaphor•10.3Metonymy•10.4Synecdoche•10.5Antonomasia•10.6Personification•10.7Parody仿拟/戏仿•10.8Synesthesia•10.9TransferredEpithetContentsofThisChapterPage310.1Simile(1)DefinitionTwoconceptsortwosimilarthingsareimaginativelyanddescriptivelycomparedbecausetheyhaveatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommonorinresemblance.Thecommonestconnectivesare“like”and“as”.ItisoneofthecommonestfiguresofspeechinEnglish.(2)Fourbasicdemands:Ithasthecomparativewordssuchas“like”,“as”or“asif”,etc.Twothingsinvolvedincomparison:tenorandvehicle.ThetwothingsmustbesubstantiallydifferentThetwothingsshouldbesimilarinatleastonequality.Page4E.g.1)JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.2)Jimandhisbrotherareaslikeastwopeas.3)Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.4)Arealfriendislikeamirrorthatcanhelpyouseeanydirtonyourface.5)Lifewaslikeajourneyfullofpitfalls(陷阱,圈套).6)Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.Page5(3)Classification:Functionally,simileisclassifiedinto:descriptive(描述型明喻),illuminative(启示型明喻)andillustrative(说明型明喻).1)Descriptivesimile:attempttodrawimagesofpeople,things,etc.,throughfigurativecomparison.E.g.Herlipswerered,herlockswereyellowasgold.Poplookedsounhappy,almostlikeachildwho’slosthispieceofcandy.Thebigblackflieshituslikebombs.Page62)Illuminativesimile:trytogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation,ortothrowlightonwhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.E.g.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.Whathappenedtoadreamdeferred(postponed)?Likearaisin(葡萄干)inthesun?Orfester(化脓)likeasore?Doesitstinklikearottenmeat?Page73)Illustrative说明型•oftenusedinscientific,technologicalwriting.•E.g.Whatistennis?•Tennisislikeapingponggamescaleduptoasizablecourt.•Itsfunctionistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorthingsunfamiliartoyouinsimple,concreteideas,orthingsfamiliartoyou.Page8Intermsofstructure,simileisdividedinto:closedsimileandopensimile.Accordingtothecomparativewords,simileisdividedinto:“like”,“as”,“as…as”,“as…,so…”,“may(might)aswell…as”,“asif/though”,“what”,“more…than”,“remindof”,“compare...to…”,“resemble”,etc..E.g.Iamhungryasahorse.Yourunlikearabbit.Sheishappyasaclam.Heissneakyasasnake.Thecloudswerefluffylikecottonwool.Thebabywaslikeanoctopus,grabbingatallthecansonthegrocerystoreshelves.Page9•Myhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.•Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.•Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumoraretoliterature.•Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutsoul.•Kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.•国王跟狗熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。伴君如伴虎。Page10Thequalitythatsimilesmustpossess:•Freshness•Originality•Therepeatedlyusedsimilesshouldbeavoided:E.g.ascoldasice;asgoodasgold;asstrongasanox;ascunningasafox;Page11Lotsofclichésaresimiles.Theyarefuntouse,butdon’toverusetheminyourwriting!E.g.Evenifyouarebusyasabeaver,it’snotascuteasabuttonorasAmericanasapplepietooveruseclichés.Itshouldbeasplainasthenoseonyourface!美国人很喜欢吃applepie。Applepie是一种用烤箱制作的甜点心，它的外面是一层面粉，里面是用苹果做的馅儿。中文有时把applepie翻成“苹果排”。美国人喜爱吃applepie是他们刚从欧洲移居到美洲来以后就开始了。每个家庭主妇都经常做苹果排。为了说明applepie是美国生活的一个特点，人们常说:“AsAmericanasapplepie.”这句话的意思是：就像苹果派一样具有美国特色。Page1210.2Metaphor(1)Definition:Metaphoruseswordstoindicatesomethingdifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning----onethingisdescribedintermsofanothersoastosuggestalikenessoranalogybetweenthem.Differencebetweenmetaphorandsimile:insimilethecomparisonisexplicit,whileinmetaphorthecomparisonisimplied.•E.g.•Theworldisastage.•Thetheoryistotallybasedonsolidfoundation.•Aromancewasbudding.•Theeconomyisoverheating.•Sheexploded.Page13(2)Classification:Visiblemetaphor:boththeprimaryterm(tenor)andthesecondaryterm(vehicle)arepresentinthesentence,“XisY”.E.g.ThepillowwasacloudwhenIputmyheaduponitafteralongday.NooneinvitesHaroldtopartiesbecausehe’sawetblanket（扫兴的人或物）.•E.g.Inoticetearswellingupinhereyes.•Embarrassedatournoisychildren,wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom,hopingnottobenoticedbyothers.•Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous-40℃.Page14Structure:Thesignifiedisthesignifier.•本体是喻体。•Thetheoryisabuilding.•Theromancewasaplant.•Theeconomyismachinery.•Shewasacontainer.•Mytearsisawell.•Wearesheep.•Thetemperatureisamurderer.Page15Invisiblemetaphor:Theprimarytermispresent,butthesecondarytermisnot.Thesecondarytermispresentbuttheprimarytermisnot.E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Themachinesittingatthatdeskwasnolongeraman;itwasabusyNewYorkbroker.Page16Believeitornot,youusemetaphorsandsimileseverydayofyourlife!Somewordsaremetaphorsallbythemselves.E.g.Shewasabrightstudent.Weallknowthat“bright”referstolight.Butinthissentencewearecomparingintelligencetolight.It’sametaphor!Page172．Metaphor•1)名词型Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.——WilliamShakespeare•2）动词型Theboywolfeddownthefood.•3）形容词型Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.•4）“of”型Thebridgeoffriendship/thevalleyofdespair/aflowerofagirl/afoxofaman/thesnakeoftraffic(隐喻/暗喻)Page18(3)Threepurpo