直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律

1.直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthesethatthose时间状语nowtodayyesterdaylastweektomorrownextyearTwodaysagoThenthatdaythedaybeforetheweekbeforethenextdaythenextyeartwodaysbefore地点状语herethere动词时态一般现在时现左进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去将来时动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mighthadtogotake间接引语中时间与地点转换参考：例如:Iwillseeyouheretomorrow,shesaid.Shesaidthatshewouldseemetherethenextday.最常用的显示如下:TODAYTHATDAYIsawhimtoday,shesaid.Shesaidthatshehadseenhimthatday.YESTERDAYTHEDAYBEFOREIsawhimyesterday,shesaid.Shesaidthatshehadseenhimthedaybefore.THEDAYBEFOREYESTERDAYTWODAYSBEFOREImetherthedaybeforeyesterday,hesaid.Hesaidthathehadmethertwodaysbefore.TOMORROWTHENEXT/FOLLOWINGDAYI'llseeyoutomorrow,hesaidHesaidthathewouldseemethenextday.THEDAYAFTERTOMORROWINTWODAYSTIME/TWODAYSLATERWe'llcomethedayaftertomorrow,theysaid.Theysaidthattheywouldcomeintwodaystime/twodayslater.NEXTWEEK/MONTH/YEARTHEFOLLOWINGWEEK/MONTH/YEARIhaveanappointmentnextweek,shesaid.Shesaidthatshehadanappointmentthefollowingweek.LASTWEEK/MONTH/YEARTHEPREVIOUS/WEEK/MONTH/YEARIwasonholidaylastweek,hetoldus.Hetoldusthathehadbeenonholidaythepreviousweek.AGOBEFOREIsawheraweekago,hesaid.Hesaidhehadseenheraweekbefore.THIS(FORTIME)THATI'mgettinganewcarthisweek,shesaid.Shesaidshewasgettinganewcarthatweek.THIS/THAT(形容词)THEDoyoulikethisshirt?heaskedHeaskedifIlikedtheshirt.HERETHEREHesaid,Ilivehere.Hetoldmehelivedthere.别的变化:通常来说,第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数（除非讲话者在引用自己的话）:I/me/my/mine,you/your/yourshim/his/her/herswe/us/our/ours,you/your/yoursthey/their/theirs:Hesaid:Ilikeyournewcar.Hetoldherthathelikedhernewcar.Isaid:I'mgoingtomyfriend'shouse.IsaidthatIwasgoingtomyfriend'shouse.通常来说，转换成间接引语时，要比直接引语时间上提前一个时态:Shesaid,Iamtired.Shesaidthatshewastired.变化如下:一般现在时一般过去时Ialwaysdrinkcoffee,shesaidShesaidthatshealwaysdrankcoffee.现在进行时过去进行时Iamreadingabook,heexplained.Heexplainedthathewasreadingabook一般过去时过去完成时BillarrivedonSaturday,hesaid.HesaidthatBillhadarrivedonSaturday现在完成时过去完成时IhavebeentoSpain,hetoldme.HetoldmethathehadbeentoSpain过去完成时过去完成时Ihadjustturnedoutthelight,heexplained.Heexplainedthathehadjustturnedoutthelight.现在完成进行时过去完成进行时Theycomplained,Wehavebeenwaitingforhours.Theycomplainedthattheyhadbeenwaitingforhours.过去进行时过去完成进行时WewerelivinginParis,theytoldme.TheytoldmethattheyhadbeenlivinginParis.一般将来时过去将来时IwillbeinGenevaonMonday,hesaidHesaidthathewouldbeinGenevaonMonday.将来进行时过去将来进行时Shesaid,I'llbeusingthecarnextFriday.ShesaidthatshewouldbeusingthecarnextFriday.2.直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素我们要很好地掌握直接引语变间接引语这一语法项目，关键要掌握下列“三要素”。要素一：陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said,told,等。例如：1)Hesaid:“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.2)Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.要素二：疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me,him等，例如：ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.1)Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”→Sheaskedmewhetherthatbookwasmineorhis.2)特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序。例如：Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.要素三：祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。told即askedsb.(not)todosth.orderedwarned注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please去掉，动词改为ask1)Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→Theteachertoldthestudentsnottowastetheirtime.2)Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→ThemotheraskedTomtogetupearly.3.直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变”在直接引语变间接引语时，还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况。1．直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→Myfathersaidpracticemakesperfect.2.直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时，时态保持不变，例如：Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→Theboytoldusheusuallygetsupatsixeveryday.Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→Hesaidtheyarestillstudents.3．直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变。例如：Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→Hetoldmethathewasbornin1978.Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→Theengineersaidhewasatcollegein1967.4．直接引语中凡有When，since，while引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。例如：Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasaboy.”→HesaidhehadstudiedEnglishsincehewasaboy.Shesaid,“IreadthebookwhileIwaswaitingforabus.→Shesaidshehadreadthebookwhileshewaswaitingforabus.Mr.Greensaidtothem,“Joetoldmeallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.”→Mr.GreentoldthemJoehadtoldhimallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.5．如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist,suggest,demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如：Hesaid,“Weinsistedthatshestartimmediately.→Hesaidthey(had)insistedthatshestartimmediately.Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→Shesaidhedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.另外，如果说话人转述自己的话，人称则可不变.例如：Isaidtohim,“Ihavefinishedit.”→ItoldhimIhadfinishedit.如果就在当地转述,here不必变为there，come不必改为go，如果就在当天转述，则today,yesterday,tomorrow等状语也不必变化。例如：Shesaidtous,I’llcomeheretomorrow.”→Shetoldusshewouldcomeheretomorrow.1.3名词复数的不规则变化1）一些特殊变化单数复数womanwomenmanmenchildchildrentoothteethfootfeetpersonpeopleleafleaveshalfhalvesknifekniveswifewiveslifelivesloafloavespotatopotatoescactuscactifocusfocifungusfunginucleusnucleisyllabussyllabi/syllabusesanalysisanalysesdiagnosisdiagnosesoasisoasesthesisthesescrisiscrisespheno