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Thenotionofcollectivehumanrightsandcorporatesocialresponsibility:issuesandtrendsininternationallawJideJames-EluyodeSJD(Univ.ofArizona);LLM(JohnMarshallLawSchool-Chicago);LLB(LagosSt.U.);BL(NLS);IPLPFellow,UniversityofArizonaRogersCollegeofLaw.TheauthorisgratefultoMaryE.Guss,StaffAttorneyattheIndigenousPeoplesLaw&PolicyProgram,UniversityofArizonaRogersCollegeofLaw,forreviewingearlydraftsofthisarticle,andtoProf.JamesHopkinsforhishelpfulcomments.Thisarticleisarevisedadaptationoftheauthor’spapertitled“CorporateSocialResponsibilityandtheCollectiveHumanRightsParadigm:CurrentDevelopmentsinInternationalLawandBeyond,”whichwaspresentedattheJohnMarshallLawSchoolCenterforInternationalLaw’sCLELunchandLearnConference,heldinChicago-IllinoisonMarch7,2012.©2013Sweet&MaxwellanditsContributorsSubject:Humanrights.OtherRelatedSubject:Companylaw.InternationallawKeywords:Corporatesocialresponsibility;Humanrights;Indigenouspeoples;Internationallaw;MultinationalcompaniesLegislationcited:DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples2007(UnitedNations)Convention169onIndigenousandTribalPeoples1989Casescited:Mayagna(Sumo)AwasTingniCommunityvNicaragua(2003)10I.H.R.R.758(IACHR)MayaIndigenousCommunityoftheToledoDistrictvBelizeUnreported2004(IACHR)CaseSU-039/97UnreportedFebruary3,1997(Colombia)*209IntroductionCertainsetsofrecognisedcollectivehumanrightsof“peoples”havenewlyemergedintheinternationalarenaandhavecreatedsignificantcomplexities.Inviewofthisdevelopment,corporationsneedtore-evaluatethequestionoftheirconductandthenatureoftheresponsibilitytheyowewithrespecttothehumanrightsofgroupsorcommunitiesascollectiveunits.Thisissobecausetraditionalhumanrightswereindividual-based,butasthatfocusisshiftingsomustthestandardsforevaluatingcorporateconductwithinhostcommunities.Thisarticleexaminessomeofthechallengesthatthenewlyevolvedinternationalnormativestandardsregardingcollectivehumanrightsofpeoples,otherwisecalled“indigenouspeoples’rights”,presentforcorporations.Thisarticlereviewsthechangingexpectationforcorporatebehaviour,andtheimplicationsoncorporateoperations,ofsomeoftherelevantinternationalinstrumentsandguidingframeworksonindigenousrights.TheseincludetheUnitedNationsDeclarationonRightsofIndigenousPeoples;ILOConvention169;theWorldBankOperationalPolicyonIndigenousPeoples;OECDGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprises;theAkwé:KonGuidelines;andtheUNProtect,RespectandRemedyFrameworkforBusinessandHumanRights.Thisarticlefindsthatithasbecomeimperativeforcorporationstobefamiliarwiththenewsetofhumanrightsofpeoplesandthatfailuretobeproactivecanbeverycostly.Thearticlealsocounselsthatowingtotheuniquenatureofindigenoushumanrights,anycompliancemodeladoptedbycorporateentitiesoughttoreflectthisuniquequality,becausesimplyadoptingthegenerichumanrightscompliancemodelmayprovetobeineffective.Collectivehumanrights—howso?Theconceptofhumanrightshasgenerallyreferredtocompositionofinnateprivilegeswhichapersonisentitledtoenjoysimplybecauseofhis/herhumanity.1Theserightsarebasedontheprinciplethateveryperson,irrespectiveofwhoheorsheisandwhereheorsheis,isthesubjectofrightsandisentitledtoallcivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrights.2Theideaofhumanrightshasbeenrecognisedgloballyasthefundamentalrequirementforupholdinghumandignity,freedom,peaceandjusticeinallsocieties.3Althoughtheevolutionofhumanrightscanbetracedasfarbackasmedievaltimes,4themodernconceptionofinternationallyaffirmedhumanrightsaroseinthe20thcentury.Countriesbandedtogetherintheaftermathofbrutalwarsandatrocitiestocombatincreasinginfractiononliberty,freedom,dignityandworthofthehumanperson,resultingintheestablishmentoftheUnitedNations(“UN”)in1945andlater,theadoptionoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(“UDHR”)bytheUNGeneralAssemblyin1948.5Historically,humanrightswerebelievedtohavebeenconceivedasrightsenjoyedbyindividualsonly.6AsThomasAquinasputsit,naturallaw(whichhasbeenassertedasafoundationalbasisfortheevolutionofhumanrights),7conferscertainimmutablerightsuponindividuals.8Othershavejustifiedtheirsupportforthenotionofhumanrightsadheringonlytoindividualsbysuggestingthatmosttraditionalhumanrightsinstrumentsonlyadmitindividualsastheprincipalbeneficiariesof*210rightsproclaimedbysuchinstruments.9Theyaddthattheabstractconceptofcollectivehumanrightstoooftenpresentsgreatobstructiontotheenjoymentbyindividualsoftheirhumanrights.10However,many,includingtheUN,havecounteredthisnotionbyassertingthataninsistencethathumanrightscanonlybeheldasindividualrightswillbe,forallpracticalpurpose,atvariancewiththesocialrealitiesofhumansituations.11Theyarguedthatconjoinedrights,suchastherightsofpeoplesortherightsofculturalminorities,arevalidconstituentsofhumanrights.12Moreover,claimssuggestingthatmostprimaryhumanrightsinstrumentsadmitofonlyindividualbeneficiariesmaybe,infact,erroneous.Thisisbecauseart.1oftheUNCharterof1945,13aswellasart.1commontoboththeInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(“ICCPR”)of1966andtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(“ICESCR”)of1966containprovisionswhichprotectandrespecttheprincipleofequal