材料成型及控制工程专业英语-6.LIFE-AND-FAILTURE-OF-DIE

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材料成型及控制工程专业英语TranslationSkill—WordConversion(翻译技巧——词性转换)转译成汉语动词;转译成汉语名词;转译成汉语形容词;转译成汉语副词。由于英汉两种语言属于不同的语系,所以它们在语言结构与表达形式方面各有特点。要使译文既忠实于原意,又顺畅可读,就不能局限于逐词对等,必须采用适当的词性转换。英语句法要求一个句子只能有一个谓语动词(并列谓语必须有连词),其他动词必须变成非谓语形式,而汉语中使用动词比英语多,也比较灵活,有时一个短句子就用了好几个动词。因此英语中名词、形容词、介词和副词均可转译为汉语动词。转译成汉语动词转译成汉语动词Achangeofstatefromasolidtoaliquidformrequiresheatenergy.Thetermlaserstandsforamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation.译:从固态变为液态需要热能。(名词转译成动词)译:“激光”这个术语指的是利用辐射的受激发射放大光波。(介词转译成动词)转译成汉语动词Bothofthesubstancesarenotsolubleinwater.译:这两种物质都不溶于水。(形容词转译成动词)Inthiscasethetemperatureinfurnaceisup.译:在这种情况下,炉温就升高。(形容词转译成动词)转译成汉语名词Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.英语中有些动词的概念很难用汉语东西直接表达出来,这时可以转译为汉语名词。译:这些材料的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性强。(动词转译成名词)转译成汉语名词Theresultofthisexperimentismuchbetterthanthoseofpreviousones.译:这次实验的结果比前几次的实验结果都好得多。(代词转译成名词)Allstructuralmaterialsbehaveplasticallyabovetheirelasticrange.译:超过弹性极限时,一切结构材料都会显示出塑性。(副词转译成名词)Thecuttingtoolmustbestrong,hard,tough,andwearresistant.转译成汉语名词某些表示事物特征的形容词做表语时可将其转译成名词,其后往往加上“性”、“度”、“体”等。带有定冠词的某些形容词用作名词,应译成名词。译:刀具必须具有足够的强度、硬度、韧性和耐磨性。Boththecompoundsareacids,theformerisstrong,thelatterisweak.译:这两种化合物都是酸,前者是强酸,后者是弱酸转译成汉语形容词Thisexperimentwasasuccess.Thisman-machinesystemischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicityofoperationandtheeasewithwhichitcanbemaintained.译:这个试验是成功的。(名词转译成形容词)译:这种人机系统的主要特点是操作简单,容易维修。(副词转译成形容词)转译成汉语形容词Itisdemonstratedthatdustisextremelyhazardous.Theequationsbelowarederivedfromthoseabove.译:已经证实,粉尘具有极大的危害。(副词转译成形容词)译:下面的方程式是由上面的那些方程式推导出来的。(副词转译成形容词)转译成汉语副词Themechanicalautomatizationmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.译:机械自动化可以大大地提高劳动生产率。(形容词转译成副词)转译成汉语副词Ahelicopterisfreetogoalmostanywhere.译:直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。(形容词转译成副词)Rapidevaporationattheheatingsurfacetendstomakethesteamwet.译:加热面上的迅速蒸发,往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。(动词转译成副词)CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIE6.1Generaldeterioration变坏;退化;损耗heatchecking热致裂纹surfacefinish表面粗糙度reversal颠倒,相反breakdown破坏,击穿overload(使)过(超)载breakage断裂dielife模具寿命mode方式,状态,模式diefailure模具损坏-13-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIE6.1Generalthermalfatigue热疲劳discrete不连续的,单个的mechanicalfatigue机械疲劳cavity模膛,型槽layer层stock坯料,原材料abrasive磨料的,磨损的impact冲击,碰撞impression型腔(槽),压印hardenability淬透性,可淬性-14--15-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEProperselectionofthediematerialandofthediemanufacturingtechniquedetermines,toalargeextent,theusefullifeofformingdies.适当地选用模具材料和模具制造技术,在很大程度上决定了成形模具的使用寿命。-16-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEDiesmayhavetobereplacedforanumberofreasons,suchaschangesindimensionsduetowearorplasticdeformation,deteriorationofthesurfacefinish,breakdownoflubrication,andcrackingorbreakage.由于很多原因,模具不得不被更换,譬如由于磨损或塑性变形引起了尺寸改变,表面粗糙度的恶化,润滑系统的破坏、模具的开裂和破损。dimensions尺寸、规格deterioration恶化lubrication润滑breakage破损-17-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEInhotimpressiondieforging,theprincipalmodesofdiefailureareerosion,thermalfatigue,mechanicalfatigueandpermanent(plastic)deformation.在热模腔锻造中,模具失效的主要方式是侵蚀、热疲劳、机械疲劳和永久变形。impression型腔,模穴principal主要的permanent永久的-18-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEInerosion,alsocommonlycalleddiewear,materialisactuallyremovedfromthediesurfacebypressureandslidingofthedeformingmaterial,wearresistanceofthediematerial,diesurfacetemperature,relativeslidingspeedatthedie/materialinterfaceandthenatureoftheinterfacelayerarethemostsignificantfactorsinfluencingabrasivediewear.侵蚀破坏,通常也称为模具磨损,指由于压力或变形材料的流动引起的模具表面材料的流失,材料的耐磨性、模具表面温度、模具/材料接触面相对滑动速度以及接触面的性质,这些都是对模具磨损产生影响的的重要因素。sliding滑动interface接触面、接口abrasive有研磨作用的-19-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEThermalfatigueoccursonthesurfaceofthedieimpressioninhotformingandresultsinheatchecking.Thermalfatigueresultsfromcyclicyieldingofthediesurfaceduetocontactwiththehotdeformingmaterial.热疲劳现象产生于热成型模腔的表面,从而导致热裂纹。热疲劳是由于模具表面与热变形材料接触而循环变形产生的。heatchecking热致裂纹cyclic循环的;周期的-20-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEThiscontactcausesthesurfacelayerstoexpand,and,becauseoftheverysteeptemperaturegradients,thesurfacelayersaresubjecttocompressivestresses.这样的接触导致了表面层膨胀,并且因为温度梯度非常陡,表面层受到压应力。expand扩张steep陡峭的,急剧升降的temperaturegradients温度梯度-21-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEAtsufficientlyhightemperatures,thesecompressivestressesmaycausethesurfacelayerstodeform.Whenthediesurfacecools,astressreversalmayoccurandthesurfacelayerswillthenbeintension。当温度足够高时,这些压应力就会导致表面层变形。当模具表面冷却时,会产生应力的逆转,表面层将承受拉应力。compressivestresses压应力reversal逆转tensionstresses拉应力-22-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEAfterrepeatedcyclinginthismanner,fatiguewillcauseformationofacrackpatternthatisrecognizedasheatchecking.如此多次重复循环后,疲劳将导致裂纹形成,这被认为是热裂变形。pattern模式-23-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEDiebreakageorcrackingisduetomechanicalfatigueandoccursincaseswherethediesareoverloadedandlocalstressesarehigh.模具的破损和裂纹是由于机械疲劳造成的,它们在模具过载和局部压应力过高的条件下产生。overload过载localstresses局部应力-24-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEThediesaresubjectedtoalternatingstressesduetoloadingandunloadingduringthedeformationprocess,andthiscausescrackinitiationandeventualfailure.在变形过程中,由于加载及卸载交替,使模具承受交变应力,从而导致裂纹萌生并最终模具失效。initiation初始,萌生eventual最后的-25-CHAPTER6LIFEANDFAILUREOFDIEDielifeanddiefailurearegrea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