unit-11-定语从句

TheAttributiveclause定语从句Theman(wholivesnexttous)isateacher.Themanisateacher.Themanlivesnexttous.被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,连接定语从句和先行词的连词叫关系代词或关系副词.关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语.1.定义：又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词3.关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句的词关系代词关系副词who,whom,whose,which,thatwhen,where,why在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语在定语从句中作状语Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.句子主干：定语从句：先行词：关系代词：Adictionaryisabook.whichgivesthemeaningofwords.bookwhich4.分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整.一般用逗号把主句和从句分开引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略引导词：as,who,whom,whose,which,ofwhich,when,where等，不用that或why,不能省略限制性定语从句举例：1.TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.2.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.3.InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可略）TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li.3.whose在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。Whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与ofwhich互换使用;指人时，与ofwhom互换使用1.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.2.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.4．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。1.Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2.Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.5.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。1.Whereisthemanthat/whom/whoIsawthismorning?2.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.考点一：that和whichthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。(1)限制性定语从句中先行词为all,few,everything,anything,nothing,none,little,some等不定代词指物时。(something用that或which均可)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.(2)Therebe句型中用that。ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)IaminBeijing.(4)先行词是who或which引导的主句。Whoisthegirlthatdrovethecar?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?(5)当先行词既有人又有物。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.(6)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,thelast,just,right等修饰。I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.7.定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。e.g.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.连接词which的用法Which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。e.g.1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itBB(1)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom,whose或which，且不能省略。Thosearemanytreesunderwhichtheycanhavearest.Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.我们住院的房子不大。(2)在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。如：Football,whichisaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.在下列情况下,一般用which而不用that。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which,who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：Thehouse(which/that)weliveinisnotlarge.我们住院的房子不大。Iknowtheman(whom/who/that)youlivewith.我认识和你住在一起的那个人。(3)作定语Hemaybelate,inwhichcase,weshouldwaitforhim.(4)先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。如：Idon’ttakethatwhichistooexpensive.我不要太贵的那一个。考点二：that和who(whom)的用法在定语从句中，关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：一、用who(whom)而不用that的情形(1)在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。如：Mysister,whoisstudyingabroad,sentmeabeautifulpresentjustbeforethisChristmas.我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。(2)当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。如：Doyouknowthegirlinfrontoftheblackboardwhoisspeakingtothestudents?你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？(3)当先行词为people和those时，只能用who(whom)。如：Thosewhowanttogotherecomehereplease.那些想去那儿的人请来这边。(4)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all(指人)时，只能用who(whom)。如：Anyonewhoisagainstusisourenemy.任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。(5)先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：Themanwhocamehereyesterdaysaidhewouldcomeagaininafewdays.昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。(6)在therebe句型中名词的定语从句多用who(whom)。如：Therearestudentsinourclasswho/whomyouhavemet.我们班有些学生你见过。(7)当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that,那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：TheboythatyoumetjustnowisLiMing’sbrotherwhojustgraduatedfromauniversity.刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。二、用that而不用who(whom)的情形(1)当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：ThetallestplayerthatplaysfootballforourteamisfromShandong.在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。(2)当先行词前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：Heistheonlystudentthatsaid“no”totheteacher.他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生(3)当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：Whoiswomanthatyoutalkedwithjustnow?刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？(4)thesameas与thesamethatthesameas所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；thesamethat表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：SheiswearingthesamecoatthatIlostafewdaysago.她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)SheiswearingthesamecoatasIlostafewdaysago.她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)考点三：介词+关系代词****“of+which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。e.g.1.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____________shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom2.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.whichDD一、用法说明介词+whom只能指人；介词+which只能指物。如：Look,therecomesTom,forwhomIhavewaitingforanhour.瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。LastSaturdayevening,IwenttoWuDong’sbirthdayp