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1句子成分及结构一句子成分现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）之外还有表语（predicative）（同位语）。1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue练习2.改错1)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.2)Allwhathesaidisn’ttrue.3)Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.4)Onthedeskistwobooks.2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。当主语是一个人，并且不是I和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es1.We/You(你们)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.2.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.3.Hischildren____(go)toschooleveryday.24.Tom____(go)toschooleveryday.5.Mybrother____(go)toschooleveryday.6.Yoursister____(go)toschooleveryday.7.Theirson____(go)toschooleveryday.8.He/She____(go)toschooleveryday.考点2.谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.×改___________________________________________-考点3.在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will,shall,would,should,can,maymust,could,might,还有hadto,hadbetter,usedto,wouldrather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。修改下面句子:Shemightstayedathome.______________________________Hemustcomes.___________________________________Itrainingheavily.__________________________________Theyplantingtreesonthefarm.___________________________________3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。1)OurEnglishteacherisanAmerican.2)Isityours?3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.4)Thespeechisexciting.5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.7)Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构,划出下列句中的宾语,并说明由什么充当。1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5)Iwantedtobuyacar.6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7)Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。3用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3)Letthefreshairin.4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。考点1.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.（楼下的警察）考点3.Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时，womanman也要用复数boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.Else,别的，其它的Whoelsedoyouknow?Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.考点8.enough修饰名词可前置或后置,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.（形容词作定语）2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.（形容词短语作定语）3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.（副词作定语）4=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.（形容词作定语）用划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1.Tomisahandsomeboy.2.HisboyneedsTom'spen.3.TheboyinblueisTom.4.Theboyneedsaballpen.5.Theboythereneedsapen.6.Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.7.Thereisnothingtodotoday.8.Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.9.Therearefiveboysleft.10.Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.11.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.12.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.13.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.14.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.15.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.16.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.7.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.Herunsveryslowly.Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.考点1.形容词、副词的选择Heis____________.(careful)Heisa___________man.(careful)Hefeels__________.(happy)Hewentthere____________.(happy)Thelectureisvery____________(important).____________(surprising),hecametothemeetingontime.Thethingis______________.(极其重要)Inthepast,thisstreetis_______________.(真的很繁华).Heusedtogotoschool______.(late)Heusedtobe_______(late)forschool.几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式→地