非谓语动词●谓语动词:能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词●非谓语动词:不能单独作句子的谓语,不受句子主语的人称和数的限制,而是担任句子其他语法功能的动词,叫非谓语动词。●非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式,动词现在分词(动名词)和动词过去分词一、动词不定式1.动词不定式的形成:1)to+do2)不定式的时态和语态形式:主动语态被动语态意义一般式todotobedone不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前进行式tobedoing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生e.g.1.Hewantstobeadoctor.2.Topassthecollegeentranceexam,wemuststudyhard.3.Ihavealotofreadingtocompletebeforetheendofthisterm.4.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.5.Sheaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.6.Hewastheonlymantohavebeenpraisedatthemeeting.Givenenoughtime,wearesuretodoitwell.Thetwomenpretendedtoworkinghard.2.不定式的句法功能:在句中不定式可作主语,宾语,宾补,表语,定语,和状语。1)作主语Tomakealivinginthebigcityisnoteasy.为了句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语,而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。Itisnoteasytomakealivinginthebigcity.Itisimpossibletobuyacarforheryoungson.=Tobuyacarforheryoungsonisimpossible.2)作宾语不定式做及物动词的宾语。还有个别介词如:but/except的介词宾语.这些动词有:想决心学会(是有)希望(的),want/expect,decide,learn,hope/wish(先)假装失败,pretend,fail(再)设法拒绝,manage/try,refuse,(然后)主动答应(别人的)计划,offer,promise,plan(最后)同意选择请求别人帮一帮。agree,choose,ask/beg,helpe.g.1.Rightnowyouneedtostayuntilhelpcomes.2.Theydon’twanttobetooclosetooneanother.3.不定式在but后时,若but前有实义动词do时,不定式不带to,否则须带to.1)Wehavenothingtodobut_____(wait)forthedoctor.2)Ihavenochoicebut________(wait)forthedoctor.3)Hedidnothingalldaybut_____(practice)reading.4.如作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时,要用it作形式宾语,置于谓语动词后面,而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。构成;v+it+adj.+todo结构TheyfoundithardtolearnChinese.Don’tyouthinkitbettertotranslateitinthisway?Hefelt____hisdutytoworkforhumanrightandprogress.A.whatB.thisC.thatD.it(能跟it作形式宾语的常见动词有:find/think/feel/believe/consider.)3.作表语不定式作表语用来表示预定要发生的动作,也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设;但不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这时的不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义。Hisdreamistobecomeanactor.Wavingone’shandistosay“Goodbye”.4.作宾语补足语:(1)在有些动词后作宾语补足语,构成v+sb.todosth.结构。这些动词有:等待希望和鼓励,waitfor/expect/wish/encourage想请求建议和允许,want,beg/ask,advise,allow喜欢命令但依靠说服,like/love,order,dependon,persuade,打算拜访告诉(你有人)邀请,intend,tell,invite,callon宁可教(你)使用强迫(或)禁止(手段)。prefer,teach,get,forbid(2)动词不定式作感官、使役动词的宾语补足语时,动词不定式不带to,但当句子变为被动语态,作主语补足语时,须带to.这些动词有;吴(五)看三室(使)两厅(听)一感觉半帮助lookat/see/watch/notice/observemake/let/havelistento/hearfeelhelp(可以带to也可以不带to)常见的使役动词有四个:have,make,let,get,表示“使、让”的含义。5.作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。Ihavealotofthingstodo.Thequestiontobediscussedatthemeetingisveryimportant.(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后所需要加相应的介词。I’mnotsurewhichrestauranttoeatat.Ihavenoroomtolivein.Hehasnopentowritewith.(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。Heisthebestmantodothejob.Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheschoolandthelasttolivetheschool.(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。Theabilitytoexpressanideaisasimportantastheideaitself.Ihavenochancetogosightseeing.[特别注意]不定式作定语时,若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者,则用主动形式表被动含义;若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者,则用被动形式表被动含义。Shehasasistertolookafter.(she是lookafter的执行者)IwillgotoBeijing.Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?(you不是buy的执行者)6.作状语(1)作目的状语,“为了”,可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性,不定式前也可加inorder或soas,但soasto不能用于句首。Tofinishthetaskontime,wewentallout.Hewastooexcitedtosayasingleword.I’mgladtomeetyou.Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.(2)作结果状语,常表示令人意外的结果,常用于下列结构中:only/justtodo表示意想不到的结果enoughtodo足够做…too…todo太…而不能…so/such…asto…如此…以至于…二动词ing一、v+ing的形成:1.v+ing的构成形式1)动词原形+ing2)以辅音字母+不发音e结尾,去e后+ing3)以单个字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写该辅音字母后+ing2.v+ing的否定式:not+v+ing3.v+ing的时态和语态及物动词主动语态被动语态意义一般式doingbeingdone其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生完成式havingdonehavingbeendone其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生e.g.1.Wesawtheboyplayingneartheriver.2.Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.3.HavingbeenanEnglishteachermanyyears,heknewhowtohelpstudentstolearnEnglish.4.Nothavingreceivedhisanswer,Iwrotehimagain.5.Havingbeentoldthebadnews,heburstintotears.二、v+ing的语法功能:V+ing可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、主补、定语、状语,也可以与be组成谓语。(1)作主语动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念,常用it作形式主语dong名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用的固定句型有:It’sawasteoftimedoing…It’snouse/gooddoing…Itisuseless/nice/interesting/…doing…Thereisno…e.g.Eatingtoomuchchocolateisbadforyourteeth.It’snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchseriousmatters.(2)作宾语Theartistcanfinishdrawingahorseinfiveminutes.TheboysenjoyedwatchingTV.Heinsistedonmygoingwithhim.【注】:1.只跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有:考虑建议盼原谅consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon承认想推迟完成admit,fancy,delay/putoff避免错过继续练avoid,miss,keep(on),practise否认准许介意逃亡deny,allow/permit,mind,escape,禁止想象才冒险forbid,imagine,risk不禁欣赏can’thelp,appreciateThelawforbidssmokinginpublicbuildings.Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.2.to为介词的动词短语be/getusedtoleadtopayattentiontodevote…Tolistentorefer...togetdowntolookforwardtoseetoobjecttosticktoturnto3.在下列结构中,可以省略in,其后接v+ing形式作宾语.○1havedifficulty/trouble/agood/happy/hardtime(in)doingsth.e.g.:Ihavesomedifficulty______(read)herhandwriting.Wehaveagoodtime_____(play)footballyesterday.○2Thereisnogood/use/harm/need/point(in)doingsth.e.g.:Thereisnopoint/need______(wait)forhim.Hewon’tshowup.○3spendtime/money(in)doingsth.wastetime/money(in)doingsth.e.g.:Hespenthiswholelife______(look)afterthepoor.4.在goon,keep,及keepon后常用v+ing形式。e.g.:Let’sgoon_______(practice)somene