果树修剪英文版

TrainingandPruningBasicsObjectivesandToolsStrongTreeFrameworkBalancedRenewalFacilitateManagementHarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaintainProductivityWhathappensifyoudonotprune?FastergrowthEarlierfruitingLesslightpenetrationPoorspraycoverageMoredifficulttomanageObjectivesoftrainingA.EstablishastrongtreeframeworkB.FacilitatemanagementoftreeandcropC.HarvestsunlightefficientlyD.Maintainproductivity◦byrenewingfruitingwoodBalancedRenewalA.EstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkUprightverticaltrunkWelldistributedscaffoldsWidecrotchanglesStructuralWoodEstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkVerticaltrunkWellDistributedScaffoldsEstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkWidebranchanglesarestrongerNarrowanglesareweakandincreaseshadinginsidecanopyAStrongTreeFramework:MajorobjectiveofthefirstthreeyearsMustlastthelifetimeofthetreeStructuralsupportforfruitcropShouldnotbecrowdedB.FacilitateManagementoftheTreeandCropHeightofprimaryscaffoldsDistributescaffoldswellTreeuniformityTreesizeFacilitateManagement:1.HeightofPrimaryScaffoldsAccesstotreebase◦Irrigation,herbicides,fertilizersAllowairmovementtominimizediseasepressureFacilitateManagement:2.DistributeScaffoldsWellEasyentrytotreeThinning,pruning,harvestingGoodpesticidecoverageFacilitateManagement:3.TreeUniformityEasiertotrainemployeesMechanizationpossibleFacilitateManagement:4.TreeSizeSmalltreesareeasiertoworkNoladdersneededEasytoreachallpartsoftreeBetterspraypenetrationFacilitateManagementoftheTreeandCropOptimizeheightofprimaryscaffolds◦AllowspaceattreebaseDistributescaffoldswell◦DonotovercrowdscaffoldsTreeuniformityLimittreesizewithsummerandwinterpruningC.HarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaximizesurfaceareaoforchardcoveredbycanopyLimitcanopydepthHarvestSunlightEfficiently:1.MaximizesurfaceareaoforchardcoveredbycanopyMostrapidinhighdensityplantingsHarvestSunlightEfficiently:2.LimitCanopyDepth0102030405060708090100%LightPenetration0123456789CanopyDepth(feet)50%30%LightIntensityDecreasesWithintheTreeCanopyHarvestSunlightEfficiently:2.LimitCanopyDepthPhotosynthesisDecreasesatLowerLightLevels0102030405060708090100%MaximumPhotosynthesis0102030405060708090100%FullSunlightHarvestSunlightHarvestEfficiently:PoorfruitcolorPoorfruitdistribution◦LessfruitbuddevelopmentPoorfruitsizePoorfruitflavorPoorLightIntensityLeadstoHarvestSunlightEfficiently:PoorLightIntensityLeadstopoorColor0102030405060708090100%RedColor0102030405060708090100%FullSunlightHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityAffectsFruitColorandSizeHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityAffectsFruitColorandSizeHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitSize%LightPenetrationFruitsize(grams)HarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitDistribution%LightPenetration%FruitDistributionHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitFlavor%LightPenetration%SolubleSolidsHarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaximizeOrchardFloorCoveredwithCanopyLimitcanopydepthto1.0m.Exposeallpartsofthecanopywithatleast50%sunlightD.MaintainProductivitySustainmaximumbearingareaformaximaltimeBalancedRenewalD.MaintainProductivityMaintainlightdistributionincanopyRemoveunproductivewoodMaintaingoodvegetative/fruitbalanceMaintainProductivity:MaintainlightdistributionincanopyOnlysun-exposedareasproducequalityfruitLimitcanopydepthto1.0m.Controltreesize◦Unlesscontroltreesizethefruitmovesupeveryyear◦LowerpartoftreewillbeshadedMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWoodFruitingwoodwhichhangsdownFruitingwoodwhichisshadedWatersproutsandrootsuckersDiseasedordamagedwoodWeakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWood◦RemoveweakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWood◦RemoveweakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:Maintaingoodvegetative:fruitbalance◦Thinoutexcessivelyvigorousvegetativegrowthduringsummer◦AllowslightintocenteroftreeMaintainProductivity:Maintaingoodvegetative/fruitbalanceRemoveexcessivefruitingwoodInpeaches-remove40-60%ofnewfruitingwoodeachyearConclusions:Howshouldyoutrainyourtrees?ManyapproachesworkOpencenterismostcommonforpeachesCentralleaderismostcommonforpomefruitFindaprogramthatworksandsticktoitConclusions:Howshouldyoutrainyourtrees?KeepinmindthefourobjectivesEstablishastrongtreeframeworkFacilitatemanagementoftreeandcropHarvestsunlightefficientlyMaintainproductivitybybalancedrenewalToolsusedinTreeTrainingManipulationofapicaldominanceControlledbytheplanthormoneauxinProducedbyactivelygrowingshootsMovesdownthebranchwithgravityEffectsofauxinInhibitslateralbudbreakInhibitslateralshootgrowthAffectsbranchanglePruningRemovetheSourceofAuxinHeadingCutRemovepartofthebranchStimulatebudbreaknearcutStimulatelocalizedbranchingPruningRemovetheSourceofAuxinThinningcutRemovebranchatpointoforiginLeastinvigoratingcutPromotelightpenetrationintocanopyMaintenancepruningBendBranchTowardsHorizontalDecreasesamountofauxinmovingfromtipIncreaselateralbranchingDecreaseterminalgrowthBendtoa45to60degreeangleBendBranchTowardsHorizontalDecreasesamountofauxinmovingfromtipIncreaselateralbranchingBudsathighestpointbreakDecreaseter