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1第五章非谓语动词【非谓语动词作状语】一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语.二.不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加inorder或soas,构成inordertodo或soastodo结构.inordertodo结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;soastodo结构只能放在句中.HermotherplanstoflytoBeijingatleastfourtimesayear(soas/inorder)tovisither.Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas/inordernottoforgetit.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...asto;such...asto;...enoughto;onlyto(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等.I'mnotsostupid(afool)astowriteitdown.Janehurriedbackonlytofindthathermotherhadleft.I'mtootiredtostayuplonger.备注:在onlytoo..to结构中,too...to...并非是太....而不能...之意.此时,与too..to..搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等.I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.3.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等.YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwastoseeheryesterday.4.在主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+todo结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等.Thisquestioniseasytoanswer.Thisbookisdifficulttounderstand.三.分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义v-ing(doing)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生having+v-ed(havingdone)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生v-ed(done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成being+v-ed(beingdone)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生havingbeen+v-ed(havingbeendone)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生2.分词作状语的句法功能分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用.Whenofferedhelp,oneoftensaysThankyouorIt'skindofyou.(时间)Separatedfromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyother2countryintheworld.(原因)Generallyspeaking,iftakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.(条件)Heglancedather,nothingthatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywell.(结果)Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.(让步)Theteachercameintothelab,followedbysomestudents.(伴随)四.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有:generallyspeaking一般来说;franklyspeaking坦白地说;judgingfrom/by...根据....来判断;considering.../taking....intoconsideration考虑到.....;totellyouthetruth说实话;comparedto/with与....相比.Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromHongKong.Consideringyourhealth,you'dbetterhavearest.Totellyouthetruth,Iamalittletired.五.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构.独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系.③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开.独立主格结构的构成:①名词/代词+分词②名词/代词+不定式③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式Thetestfinished(=Whenthetestwasfinished),webeganourholiday.Thepresidentassassinated(=Becausethepresidentwasassassinated),thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Istoodbeforeherwithmyheartbeatingfast.【练一练】①Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only(find)itdidn'tfit.②Clearlyandthoughtfully(write),thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.③Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclass(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.④(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.⑤Thelecture(give),alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.【非谓语动词作定语】一.不定式作定语1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词.TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.Hehadnoplacetolive.2.用不定式作定语的几种情况:①不定式表将来Thecartobeboughtisforhissister.②用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系.Hewasthebestmantodothejob.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.③有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,warning,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等.Idon'ttrusthispromisetocomeforavisit.Hesaidhehadnoplanstogothere.Hemadeanattempttostandup.二.分词作定语1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词.当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用v-ing;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词.3Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers.(被动,正在进行)2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing和过去分词.v-ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成.boilingwater沸腾的水(表示正在进行)boiledwater白开水(表完成)fallingleaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallenleaves已经落下的叶子(表完成)developingcountries发展中国家(表正在进行)developedcountries发达国家(表完成)三.tobedone,done和beingdone作定语的区别tobedone表被动,将来;done表被动,完成;beingdone表被动,正在进行.HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?(表被动,完成)Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.(表被动,正在进行)Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow'smeetingisveryimportant.(表被动,将来)【练一练】①Therearestillmanyproblems(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.②Pricesofdailygoods(buy)throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.③Theflowers(smell)sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.【非谓语动词作宾语,补语,主语,表语】一.非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作宾语1.下列动词一般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装.主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮.decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn'tturnedupyet.此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语.2.下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想.避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏.禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准