KnowledgeandWisdom知识与智慧BertrandRussell伯特兰.罗素------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Butagreementceasesassoonasweattempttodefine`wisdom'andconsidermeansofpromotingit.Iwanttoaskfirstwhatwisdomis,andthenwhatcanbedonetoteachit.我们的时代在知识方面远远超过过去所有时代,在智慧方面却没有得到相应的增加,这是大多数人都会同意的看法。但一旦我试图定义“智慧”并思考增进它的方法,人们就会有不同意见了。我想问的问题首先是何为智慧,其次是传授智慧的方法。Thereare,Ithink,severalfactorsthatcontributetowisdom.OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians.Suppose,forexample,thatyouareengagedinresearchinscientificmedicine.Theworkisdifficultandislikelytoabsorbthewholeofyourintellectualenergy.Youhavenottimetoconsidertheeffectwhichyourdiscoveriesorinventionsmayhaveoutsidethefieldofmedicine.Yousucceed(letussay),asmodernmedicinehassucceeded,inenormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath-rate,notonlyinEuropeandAmerica,butalsoinAsiaandAfrica.Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulouspartsoftheworld.Totakeanevenmorespectacularexample,whichisineverybody’smindatthepresenttime:Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge,andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.Insuchwaysthepursuitofknowledgemaybecomeharmfulunlessitiscombinedwithwisdom;andwisdominthesenseofcomprehensivevisionisnotnecessarilypresentinspecialistsinthepursuitofknowledge.我想,构成智慧有几种要素,其中须置于首位的是比例感:将问题的所有重要因素都考虑进去并掂量每个因素应有的分量的能力。鉴于各类技术员所需的专门知识的范围和复杂程度,这种能力变得比过去更难具备。比如,假设你从事医科,这份工作本身很难做,可能会耗费你的全部智能。你没有时间去考虑你的发现或发明可能带来的医学领域以外的影响。你成功了(我们假设),正如现代医学所做到的:婴儿死亡率不仅在欧美而且在亚非也大大降低了。但完全非你所愿的结果产生了:在世界人口最为稠密的地区,食物供应匮乏,生活水平下降。再举一个甚至更为引人注目的例子,当前人们都在关注此事:你渴望探求知识,不带功利性地去研究原子结构,却意外地将摧毁人类的手段置于狂人手中。因此,知识如果不与智慧同在,对知识的追求就能变得有危害性;就全方位来看,追求知识的专家们并不一定具备智慧。Comprehensivenessalone,however,isnotenoughtoconstitutewisdom.Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.Thismaybeillustratedbythestudyofhistory.Manyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions.Hegelhadaphilosophyofhistorywhichdidnotsufferfromanylackofcomprehensiveness,sinceitstartedfromtheearliesttimesandcontinuedintoanindefinitefuture.Butthechieflessonofhistorywhichhesoughttoinculcatewasthatfromtheyear400ADdowntohisowntimeGermanyhadbeenthemostimportantnationandthestandard-bearerofprogressintheworld.Perhapsonecouldstretchthecomprehensivenessthatconstituteswisdomtoincludenotonlyintellectbutalsofeeling.Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow.SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom.然而,仅有综合能力还不足以构成智慧,还必须加上对人生目的的某种意识。这一点可以在历史研究中得到说明。许多杰出的历史学家干的坏事多于好事,因为他们是通过自己的热情这种扭曲性媒介观察事实的。黑格尔的历史哲学始于亘古,止于无穷未来,也不是不缺乏综合观,但他努力想要说明的历史教义主要是从公元400年到自己的年代,德国一直都是最为重要的民族以及世界进步的标准榜样。或许构成智慧的综合概念可以延伸,它不仅涵盖智力而且还包括感情。知识面宽但感觉迟钝的人不是不常见。这样的人缺少我认为的智慧。Itisnotonlyinpublicways,butinprivatelifeequally,thatwisdomisneeded.Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.Manymeninpastagesdevotedtheirlivestoasearchforthephilosopher'sstoneandtheelixiroflife.Nodoubt,iftheycouldhavefoundthem,theywouldhaveconferredgreatbenefitsuponmankind,butasitwastheirliveswerewasted.Todescendtolessheroicmatters,considerthecaseoftwomen,Mr.AandMr.B,whohateeachotherand,throughmutualhatred,bringeachothertodestruction.SupposeyougotheMr.Aandsay,'WhydoyouhateMr.B?'HewillnodoubtgiveyouanappallinglistofMr.B'svices,partlytrue,partlyfalse.AndnowsupposeyougotoMr.B.HewillgiveyouanexactlysimilarlistofMr.A'sviceswithanequaladmixtureoftruthandfalsehood.SupposeyounowcomebacktoMr.Aandsay,'YouwillbesurprisedtolearnthatMr.Bsaysthesamethingsaboutyouasyousayabouthim',andyougotoMr.Bandmakeasimilarspeech.Thefirsteffect,nodoubt,willbetoincreasetheirmutualhatred,sinceeachwillbesohorrifiedbytheother'sinjustice.Butperhaps,ifyouhavesufficientpatienceandsufficientpersuasiveness,youmaysucceedinconvincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness,andthattheirenmityisharmfultoboth.Ifyoucandothis,youwillhaveinstilledsomefragmentofwisdom.智慧不仅为公共生活所需,也同样为私人生活所需。选择追求目标,以及从个人偏见中解放出来,都需要智慧。如果一个目标本身不可能被达到,既便如果它可以被达到的话,追求它的行为一定是高贵的,对这个目标的追求也可能不是明智的,在过去,许多人毕其一生搜寻哲学家的点金石和长生不老药。毫无疑问,如果他们找到了这些东西,他们就为人类谋取了巨大福祉,但事实上,他们浪费了生命。退而说不那么伟大的事情,想想两个人,A先生B先生,他们相互憎恨并通过相互憎恨而相互摧毁。假设你到A先生那里说:“你为什么不喜欢B先生?”他一定会向你数落一大堆B先生的邪恶,部分真实、部分虚假。现在,假设你到B先生那里,他会向你数落一大堆A先生的邪恶,内容完全一样,真实和虚假的混合程度也完全一样。假设你现在回到A先生那里说:“你会很吃惊,要知道,B先生说你的话跟你说B先生的话是一样的,”然后,你到B先生那里发表同样言论。毫无疑问,直接的结果就是他们的相互仇恨程度增加,因为他们每人都为对方的偏颇感到震惊,但或许,如果你有足够的耐心和足够的说服力,你会成功说服他们:对方只不过是有人类邪恶的通病,他们的敌意对双方都有损害。如果你能够这样做,你就向他人灌输了点滴的智慧。Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfataspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.We