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1ReadingPassage1BirthdaytraditionsindifferentcountriesBirthdaysarecelebratedallovertheworld.Sometraditionsarefairlysimilarfromcountrytocountry:candles,cakesandbirthdaywishes,birthdaygamesandpinchesforgoodluck.Othercustomsarequitedifferent.Hereareafew.Argentina–InArgentina,asinmanyLatinAmericancountries,oneofthemostimportantbirthdaypartiesisagirl’sfifteenth.Whengirlsturn15,theyhaveahugepartyanddancethewaltzfirstwiththeirfather,andthentheboysattheparty.China–Thebirthdaychildpaysrespecttotheparentsandreceivesagiftofmoney.Friendsandrelativesareinvitedtolunch,andnoodlesareservedtowishthebirthdaychildalonglife.Denmark–Aflagisflownoutsideawindowtoshowthatsomeonewholivesinthathouseishavingabirthday.Presentsareplacedaroundthechild’sbedwhiletheyaresleepingsotheywillseethemimmediatelywhentheywakeup.TheNetherlands–Specialyearbirthdayssuchas5,10,15,20,21arecalled“crown”yearsandthebirthdaychildreceivesanespeciallylargegift.Thefamilyalsodecoratesthebirthdaychild’schairwithflowersorpaperstreamers,paperflowersandballoons.India–UsuallyIndianchildrenwearwhitetoschool.However,ontheirbirthdaychildrenwearcolouredclothestoschoolandgiveoutchocolatestoeveryoneintheclass.Theirbestfriendhelpsthemtodothis.Japan–Thebirthdaychildwearsnewclothestomarktheoccasion.Certainbirthdaysaremoreimportantthanothersandthesearecelebratedwithavisittothelocalshrine.Thesearethethirdandseventhbirthdaysforgirlsandthefifthforboys.Questions1-5Matchthecountriesintheboxwiththeirdescriptions.1Acountrywherelongevityiscelebratedbyaspecialdish________22Acountrywherecandiesaredistributedamongpeers________3Acountrywherethebirthdayismadeknowntothecommunity________4Acountrywherethehouseholdisfullofbirthdayornaments________5Acountrywherereligiousworshipissometimesinvolved________ReadingPassage2TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasaccelerateevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.America’sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer–theUnitedStates–baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstituteforkingandParliament.Questions6-106.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?ATheUnitedStates:AnIsolatedCommunityBBreathtakingEventsDuringtheAmericanRevolutionCCanadaandtheAmericanWarofIndependenceDTheAmericanRevolution:EvolutionNotRevolution37.Inthefirstparagraph,whatdoestheauthorsuggestabouttheFrenchandRussianRevolutions?ATheywereexplosiveandabrupt.BTheywereineffective.CTheyinvolvedonlythosepeoplelivinginurbanareas.DTheyledtothereleaseofallpoliticalprisoners.8.Inline5,whatdoestheauthormeanby“peoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandpraying”?AMorepeoplegotmarriedthandivorced.BThewarcreatednewjobs.CLifewentonasusual.DPeoplehadmorethanenoughleisuretime.9.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorstatesthatthecolonies’struggleforself-governmentprecededthecreationofallofthefollowingcountriesEXCEPTACanadaBTheUnitedStatesCAustraliaDTheUnitedKingdom10.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheloyalistswhoescapedtoCanadawereARussianBFrenchCBritishDAustralianReadingPassage3PufferyinAdvertisingA“Ourcoffeeislovedbymillionsworldwide.”Doyouoftenseethiskindofadvertisinginyourcountry?Statementslikethese,thatno-onecanprove,arecalledpufferyThisisatermthathasbeendevelopedforexaggeratedclaimsthataremadeinadvertising.Pufferyislegal,eventhoughsuchclaimscannotbeproved.Infact,pufferyhasbeentermed“alicencetolie”,asitisvagueenoughtobeclassedasopinion,anexpressionofthesalesperson'sevaluationoftheproduct,4ratherthananobjectivestatement.BUsingpufferytoraiseawarenessofproductsandtogenerateincreasedsalesisacommonadvertisingstrategy.Goodsandservicesaredescribedintermsofsuperlatives,subjectiveopinionsandexaggerations;variouskindsofgeneralclaimsaremade,withnospecificfacts.So,whydosomepeopleworryaboutpuffery?Oneoftheconcernsiswhetherconsumersaremisledbyfalseadvertising.Legalguidelinesandgovernmentcontrolsarerequiredtopreventdishonestadvertising.Companiesunderstandablyobjecttountruthfuladswhichgiveacompetitoranunfairadvantageinthemarket.Theseclaimscanbetestedinthecourts,andthedecisionsthataremadehelptomaketheboundarybetweenacceptablepufferyandillegaladvertising.CPuffery