搜索
Chapter10PersonalityAPPsychologyMr.TusowPersonality•Personality:Thepsychologicalqualitiesthatbringaconsistencytoanindividual’sthoughtsandbehaviorsindifferentsituationsandatdifferenttimes.•Personalityisacontinuouslychangingprocess,shapedbyourindividualneedsandcognitionsandbyexternalpressuresfromthesocialenvironment.•Itisthethreadthatconsistentlyrunsthroughourlives.TwoMainTheories•PsychodynamicTheory:Freud’stheorythatcallsattentiontomotivation,especiallyunconsciousmotives,andtheinfluenceofourpastexperiences.•HumanisticTheory:Atheorythatemphasizesthepresent,subjectivereality-whatwebelieveisimportantnow,whatwethinkofourselvesinrelationtoothersisimportantnow.ClinicalPerspective•Theclinicalperspectiveutilizesacombinationofthepsychodynamicandhumanistictheories.Thisismostoftenusedbypsychologistswhoareworkingwithpeoplewhoareseekingcounseling.SocialCognitiveTheory•Social-cognitivetheoryderivesfromexperimentsinpsychologyratherthanclinicalwork.•Thistheoryisbasedontheideathatpersonalityisaresultoflearning,perceptionandsocialinteraction.•Despitewhatitseems,social-cognitivetheoryandclinicalperspectivecomplimenteachotherandsharesomecommonideas.PsychodynamicTheories•Althoughthereareavarietyofpsychodynamictheories,theyoriginatewithFreud’spsychoanalytictheory.•Inthistheory,Freudsaidtheunconscious,thehiddenpartsofthemind,wasasourceofpowerfulimpulses,instincts,motives,andconflictsthatenergizepersonality.Psychoanalysis•Psychoanalysisfocusesonhowthemind’senergyisexchanged,transformedandexpressed.•The“mentalstream”ofthesexdrivewascalledtheEros,heGreekgodforpassionatelove.Theenergybehindthisdrivewascalledlibido,Latinforlust.•The“mentalstream”fordestructionwasThanatos.Freudcalleditthe“deathinstinct”thatdrivesaggressiveanddestructiveactshumanscommitagainsteachother.PersonalityStructure•Freudsawhumanpersonalityasanicebergwiththreeparts:theEgo,SuperegoandId.•Inthismodel,thesuperegoandtheidwereantagonistparts,regulatedbytheego.IdSuperegoEgoConsciousmindUnconsciousmindTheId•InFreud’smodel,theidistheprimitive,unconsciousreservoirthathousesthebasicmotives,drivesandinstinctivedesiresthatdetermineourpersonalities.•Alwaysactsonimpulseandseeksimmediatepleasure•TheonlypartofthepersonalitypresentatbirthTheSuperego•Thesuperegoisthe“police”ofpersonalityandisresponsibleformoralsandvalueslearnedfromsociety.•Thesuperegodevelopsasthethechildformsaninternalsetofrulesbasedonexternalexperiences•Theinnervoiceofshouldsandshouldnots•OftenconflictswiththeidbecausetheidwantswhatfeelsgoodandthesuperegowantswhatisrightandmorealTheEgo•Regulatingtheconflictbetweentheidandthesuperegoisthejoboftheego-theconscious,rationalpartofthemind.•Theegomustfigureoutawaytosatisfyone’sdesires,whilenotviolatingone’smoralcode.•Whenthisbalancebecomesupset,conflictedthoughtsandbehaviorsthatsignifyamentaldisordermaybetheresultPsychosexualStages•Freudbelievedthatourearlyexperiencesstayedwithusandaffectedusthroughoutourdevelopment,especiallywithregardstosex.•Shouldsomethinghappenintheearlyyears,peoplewillhaveproblemstoovercomelaterinlifespecificallydealingwithsexuality:•Oedipuscomplex:boyinlovewiththeirmother•Identification:boyslovetheirmom/identifywiththeirdad•Penisenvy:girlsdesiretohaveapenis-attractedtomales•Fixation:occurswhendevelopmentisstoppedataparticularstageFreud’sPsychosexualStagesFreud’sPsychosexualStagesStageFocusOralPleasurecentersonthemouth--(0-18months)sucking,biting,chewingAnalPleasurefocusesonbowelandbladder(18-36months)elimination;copingwithdemandsforcontrolPhallicPleasurezoneisthegenitals;copingwith(3-6years)incestuoussexualfeelingsLatencyDormantsexualfeelings(6topuberty)GenitalMaturationofsexualinterests(pubertyon)EgoDefense•Egodefenseisthelargelyunconsciousmentalstrategytoreduceanxietyorconflict.•Repression:theegodefensethatexcludesunacceptableorinappropriatethoughtsandfeelingsfromourawareness.•Acompletelistofegodefensesisonpage416,beabletoidentifywhattheseare.AssessingtheUnconscious•ProjectiveTest•apersonalitytest,suchastheRorschachorTAT,thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone’sinnerdynamics•ThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)•aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenesAssessingtheUnconscious--TATAssessingtheUnconscious•RorschachInkblotTest•themostwidelyusedprojectivetest•asetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschach•seekstoidentifypeople’sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblotsAssessingtheUnconscious--RorschachCriticismofFreud•WhileFreudisstillwildlypopularinmediaandculture,ithaslostmostofitsupportinthepsychologyfield.•ManyFreudianconcepts(libido,repression)arevague•Thefocusisonretrospectiveexplanation•Onlylooksback,doesn’tgivecredittothepresentorfuture•Nothoughtgiventowomen•Theunconsciousmindisnotassmart/purposefulasFreudwouldlikeustobelieveNeo-Freudians•Freudwasacontroversialfigure,andmanyofhiscolloguesbrokeawayfromhisview,butstillmaintainedapsychodynamicaspecttotheirtheories•AlfredAdler•importanceofchildhoodsocialtension•KarenHorney•soughttobalanceFreud’smasculine