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1什么是权利差距（powerdistance）Powerdistanceistheextenttowhichthelowerrankingindividualsofasocietyacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（一个社会中，较低等级的个人“接受并预料到权利的分配是不平等的”）权力差距高的社会：Peopleinsocietieswithahighpowerdistancearemorelikelytoconformtoahierarchywhereeverybodyhasaplaceandwhichneedsnofurtherjustification（辩解/理由）.权力差距低的社会：Insocietieswithalowpowerdistance,individualstendtotrytodistributepowerequally.Insuchsocieties,inequalitiesofpoweramongpeoplewouldrequireadditionaljustification.权力距离指数：PowerDistanceIndex(PDI)ThePowerDistanceIndexisdesignedtomeasure'theextenttowhichpowerdifferswithinthesociety,organizationandinstitutionsareacceptedbythelesspowerfulmembers'.（用来衡量社会承认机构和组织内权力分配不平等的一种文化尺度）各国权利差距指数对比图：2权力距离对社会的影响：人际关系：低权力距离社会中的人通常会超越社会地位发展友谊以及恋爱关系。但相反地，在高权力距离社会里面，人们更倾向于在同等的社会地位下寻找友谊以及恋爱关系，讲求“门当户对”。对权威的看法：高权力距离的社会强调对权威的服从和尊敬。人们从小被教育要无条件地听从父母和老师的话。相反，低权力距离社会中的孩子从小就被教育要勇于挑战权威，那是他们的权利，甚至是义务。在这种文化中，向父母和老师反问“为什么”一点也不出奇。主雇关系：低权力距离社会里的员工更加看重自由的权利，同时他们希望得到更多决策的机会，尤其是对那些关系到他们自身工作的事情。这些员工可能会通过工会或者员工满意度调查来反映自己的意见，但是在高权力距离社会里面，员工往往已经习惯于工作的现状而很少提出意见。相反，他们希望上司能够直接下达命令，那么他们只要按照命令去做就可以了。Inorganisationswithhighpowerdistance,employeesacknowledgetheirlesserstanding,andarerespectfulandsubmissivetowardstheirsuperiors;whointurn,aremorelikelytogiveordersratherthanconsultwiththeiremployeeswhilemakingdecisions.Employersormanagerswouldnothavemealstogetherwiththeirsubordinates,andmighthaveprivatefacilitiessuchasrooms,parkinglots,andelevators.Thehigher-rankingmembersoftheorganizationareoftenpaidmuchmorethantheiremployeesincomparisonwithcompanieswithlowerpowerdistance.Inhighpowerdistanceregions,peopleinthehigherpositionsholdgreatamountsofpowerwithlittlechallenge.Thehierarchyandauthorityempoweremployersandsupervisorswithmorerightsofresourceallocation,rewardsandpunishment,whichinturnreinforcetheirstatus,aswellasenablethemtoleadandguidetheirsubordinatesautocratically.3影响权力距离的相关因素：LinkedfactorsPaternalism[家长式作风]Paternalism,whichistheextenttowhichtheresponsibilitiesofthefamilyarepushedontosociety,includingtheprotectionofthelessfortunatefrombeingexploitedbytheprivileged,hasalsobeenwidelyconsideredtobecloselylinkedtopowerdistance.Insocietieswithlowlevelsofpaternalism,parentswillhaveareducedroleinlookingaftertheirchildrenasthelattermatureintoadults,andtheyareexpectedtodistancethemselvesfromtheirfamiliesandbecomeindependent.Ontheotherhand,inpaternalisticsocieties,multiplegenerationsmightlivetogetherinthesamehome.Ithasbeenarguedthatsocietieswithhighpowerdistanceencouragespeopletoabidebypaternalism,andindividualsaremorelikelytoturntotheirsuperiorsorauthorityfiguresintimesofneed.Therefore,Westernculturesandcountrieswithlowlevelsofpaternalismtendtoalsohavelowpowerdistancelevels,andEasternculturesandcountries(includingRussia)withhighlevelsofpaternalism,tendtohavehighpowerdistancelevels.[40]Climate[气候]Ithasbeenhypothesizedthatthereisalinkbetweenclimateandpowerdistance,withsocietiesinwarmerclimatesmorelikelytohaveahigherpowerdistancethansocietiesincolderclimates.Asfoodandothernecessitiesarerelativelyeasiertocomebyinwarm,comfortableclimates,survivalisnotasdifficult,andthusthereisnoneedforrigorousdiscipline,preparation,orhardship.Ithasbeenarguedthattheseconditionswouldgiverisetoasituationwherebyitisbeneficialforstrictorganisationanddirectiontocomefromsuperiorsinordertopropelpeopletocooperateeffectively,evenifitgoesagainstthewillofsomepeople.[20]Ontheotherhand,incolder,harsherclimates,itisimperativeforindividualstohavedisciplineandprudencetoworkhardandmaketherightdecisionsinordertosurvive.Inthesesocieties,ifoneweretobelazyandrestforadayinsteadofsearchingforfood,theymightnotbeabletosurvive.Therefore,self-disciplineandrestraintisparamountintheseclimates.Withthesequalitiesingrainedinthepeople,socialorderdoesnotneedtobeenforcedexternally.[20]Democracy[民主]Ithasbeenassertedthatdemocraticgovernmentsoccurmostcommonlyamonglowpowerdistancesocieties,whereitisnotingrainedintothemindsofthepeoplesinceyoungagethatthereareunquestionablehierarchiesinlifethatshouldnotbedisputed.Ithasbeenfoundthatthe'ideologicalbreachbetweenlabourandconservatives'isexceedinglypolarisedinhighpowerdistancesocieites,whileinlowpowerdistancecultures,peoplewouldtendtotrytoattainbalancebetweenthetwoextremesinordertoavoiddamaginganddrainingconflicts.Thisiswhyunionsinhighpowerdistanceculturesareusuallyformedbycorporationsorgovernments,whilethoseinlowerpowerdistancesocietiesareusuallyless'ideological'andmore'practical'.[20]