课件Health+and+Medical+care

HealthandMedicalCare输入型病例疑似病例确诊病例domesticflucasecaseofseriousconditions居家隔离流感集中爆发高发季节homegrownvaccineacquiredimmunity敏感群体不良反应基本药物社区卫生站importedcasesuspectedcaseconfirmedcase流感“二代”病例重症病例homequarantinefluoutbreakhigh-occurrenceseason本土疫苗后天免疫sensitivegroupsadversereactionessentialmedicinegrassrootsclinics流感疫苗抗病毒药物easeflusymptoms呼吸道疾病incubationperiodhuman-to-humantransmission/spread/infection预防措施避免与……接触加强检测制止病毒的扩散fluvaccineanti-viralmedications/drug减轻流感症状respiratorydisease潜伏期人与人之间的传播/感染precautionarymeasuresavoidcontactswithstepupsurveillancestemthespreadofthevirusHealthcareintheUnitedStatesHistoryofhealthcarereformintheUSHealthcaredebateBackgroundInformation134HealthcaresysteminUSA2ListeningPracticeHealthcareintheUnitedStates•HealthcareintheUnitedStatesisprovidedbymanyseparatelegalentities实体.–primarilyprovidedbytheprivatesector–Publicprograms:Medicare医疗保险,Medicaid公共医疗补助制,theChildren'sHealthInsuranceProgram,theVeteransHealthAdministration•thirdhighestpublichealthcareexpenditurepercapita按人口平均计算•Manyhavearguedthatthesystemdoesnotdeliverequivalentvalueforthemoneyspent.HealthcareintheUnitedStates•TheUSpaystwiceasmuchyetlagsbehindotherwealthynations.•ThetotalnumberofpeopleintheUS,whetherinsuredoruninsured,whodiebecauseoflackofmedicalcarewasestimatedina1997analysistobenearly100,000peryear.higherinfantmortalityrate死亡率lifeexpectancylags42ndintheworld,aftermostrichnationsHealthcaresysteminUSA•Publicprograms:–Medicarecoverstheelderly(≥65)anddisabledwithahistoricalworkrecord老年保健医疗(制度)–Medicaidisavailableforsome,butnotallofthepoor医疗补助(制度)–StateChildren'sHealthInsuranceProgramcoverschildrenoflow-incomefamilies–VeteransHealthAdministrationdirectlyprovideshealthcaretoU.S.militaryveterans–Tricareprovidescivilianhealthbenefitsformilitarypersonnel,militaryretirees,andtheirdependents,includingsomemembersoftheReserveComponent预备役人员•Together,thesetax-financedprogramscover27.8%ofthepopulationandmakethegovernmentthelargesthealthinsurerinthenation.HistoryofhealthcarereformintheUS•U.S.effortstoachieveuniversalcoveragebeganwithTheodoreRooseveltin1912,andhadbeendevotedbymanyadministrations,e.g.thatofFranklinD.Roosevelt,JimmyCarter,BillClinton,GeorgeW.Bushetc.However,theyallfailed.•Infact,manyinterestgroups,includingtheprivateinsuranceindustryandthepharmaceutical制药的industrycameoutintenselyagainstthereform.•Duringthe2008presidentialelectionBarackObamacalledforuniversalhealthcare.AfterObamaassumeshisoffice,heannouncedthehealthreformplanofficiallyinJune,2009.Healthcaredebate•AmericansaredividedintheirviewsoftheU.S.healthsystem,andthattherearesignificantdifferencesbypoliticalaffiliation政治派别.•BeliefthattheU.S.systemisbestwashighestamongRepublicans(68%),loweramongindependents(40%),andlowestamongDemocrats(32%).•Whetheragovernment-mandated政府指定的systemofuniversalhealthcareshouldbeimplemented执行intheU.S.remainsahotlydebatedpoliticaltopic,withAmericansdividedalongpartylinesintheirviewsoftheU.S.healthsystemandwhatshouldbedonetoimproveit.–ThoseinfavorofuniversalhealthcarearguethatthelargenumberofuninsuredAmericanscreatesdirectandhiddencostssharedbyall,andthatextendingcoveragetoallwouldlowercostsandimprovequality.–Somearguethatpeopleshouldbefreetooptoutofhealthinsurance.Healthcaredebate•Advocatesforanationalgovernment-fundedsystemsbelieveitwillproducebetterhealthoutcomesatlowercost.•Opponentsderide嘲笑thistypeofsystemassocializedmedicineinwhichthegovernmentownsthemeansofprovidingmedicine.•AccordingtoeconomistandformerUSSecretaryofLabor,RobertReich,onlyabig,national,publicoptioncanforceinsurancecompaniestocooperate,shareinformation,andreducecosts.•SomeRepublicanshaveexpressedoppositiontothepublicinsuranceoptionbelievingthatanuniversalhealthcoverageisstillaffordableandthegovernmentwillnotcompetefairlywiththeprivateinsurers.•PresidentObamafoughthardforhealthcarereformsystemwhichwouldcostatleast$1trillion万亿overroughlyayearoflegislativedrama,andwonavictorytopassthehealthcarereformbysigningthebillintolawon23,March2010.ObamaRenewsPushforHealthcareReformObamaHopestoRegainHealthCareMomentumwithSpeechtoCongressUSDemocratsHighlightAccomplishmentsonHealthcare,EconomyObamatoSoonSignMajorHealthcareReformListeningPractice13456InsuranceIndustryFightinghardtoStopHealthcareReform2ListeningI•Directions:Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbereadatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbereadsentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsofabout15seconds.Thelastreadingwillbereadatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.•Nowlistentothepassage.ListeningIObamaRenewsPushforHealth-careReform奥巴马重新开始推行医疗改革•TheWhiteHouserosegardenwasaseaofwhitemedicallabcoatsasPresidentObamareachedouttodoctorsfromall50states.•PresidentObama:Youarethepeoplewhoknowthissystembest.Youaretheexperts.NobodyhasmorecredibilitywiththeAmericanpeopleonthisissuethanyoudo.•Witha______________________________________________________________________________ListeningI:Answers•Withacruci