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Tongdecidestohaveanightoutatanewlyopenednight-club.OnthewaytotheclubhisfriendRecklesspullsupinacarandoffershimalifttotheclub.BeforeTonggetsintothecarRecklesstellshimthathehasconsumedasubstantialamountofalcoholthatnight,Tongacceptstheofferofaliftanyway.Reckless’drivingiserraticandheknocksacyclist,Sasha,offhiscycle.Sashawaswearingdarkclothingandthelightsonhisbikewerenotworking.SashasufferedabrokenlegandTongsufferedwhiplashcausedbyReckless`driving.(a)ExplainwhattypeofliabilityRecklessmayhaveinlaw.Inthiscase，Recklesshascivilandcriminalliability.Civillaw:Thisistheformofprivatelawusedbyindividualstoasserttheirrightsagainstotherindividuals,theaimbeingtoprovidecompensatoryremediesnotpunishthem.CasesareusuallycitedintheformofBrownvBrown.Inthiscase,RecklessseveringtheSasha’slegiscivilliability.Criminallaw:ThisisanaspectofpubliclawseekingtoregulatebehaviornotapprovedbytheState,theaimbeingtoenforcethelaw,andpunishoffenders.CrimesareoffencescommittedagainstthelawofthelandandcasesareusuallycitedintheformofRvBrown.Inthiscasethe,Recklessdrunkdrivingviolatedthelaw,sohehascriminalliability.•Recklessistoldthathecouldbefacingprosecution.FeatureCivilCriminalWhobringsaction？ClaimantProsecution（CPS）•Sashasufferedabrokenleg.Summaryoffences--thosesubjecttomaximumpunishmentsofsixmonthsimprisonmentand/or￡5,000fine.MagistratesCourt:Thiscourtisempoweredtotrysummaryoffenceswithoutajury,ortocommitdefendantschargedwithanindictableoffencetotheCrownCourt.(b)Recklessistoldthathecouldbefacingprosecution.Explainwhowouldbringsuchactionandwherethecasewouldbeheard.(c)Explaintheburdenandstandardofproofincriminalcases.AimsCompensationPunishmentRemediesDamagesPrison/FinesTwomaincategoriesofcriminaloffences:Summaryoffences:thosesubjecttomaximumpunishmentsofsixmonthsimprisonmentand/or￡5,000fineIndictableoffences:thosesubjecttomaximumsentencesinexcessofsixmonthsimprisonmentand/or￡5,000fine.Incriminalcase:theprosecutionprovetheoffenceofdrivingwithexcessalcoholbybeyondreasonabledoubt.(d)WillacriminalconvictionhaveanybearingonwhetherornotTongorSashareceivecompensationfortheirinjuries?AimsCompensationPunishmentRemediesDamagesPrison/FinesNotdirectlyEventhoughtheirsueforcompensationincivilcourts,andinthecriminalcourts,theyaimsforpunishment.AcriminalconvictioncanhelpTongandSashaprovetheircases,anditmakesclearlyfactthatTongandSashasufferedinjuryanddamage.DutyofcareTheneighbourprinciple（DonoghueVStevenson)youoweadutyofcaretoanybodywhoitmaybereasonablyforeseenwillbeaffectedbyyournegligentactsoromissions'Incivilcases:Aims:CompensationRemedies:DamageswishcommunicationoutofcourtMagistratesCourt:Incivilcasesthemagistratemayhearfamilyproceedingsinadditiontohavingpowersofrecoveryinrelationtocounciltaxanddomesticbills.(e)IfTongandSashasueRecklessexplain:(I)Wherethecasewillbeheard?Ifnot:Sashasufferedabrokenleg.Smallclaimstrack：Forclaimsofupto￡5000，partiesneednotattendthehearing.DefinitionofTort:Atortis'awrongfulactagainstanindividualwhichgivesrisetoacivilcraim'Breachofdutyofcare'Areasonablepersonactingreasonably'（a）Skillsandexperience（b）Likelihoodofinjury（c）ThedegreeofriskResIpsaLoquiturSashasufferedabrokenlegandTongsufferedwhiplashcausedbyReckless`driving.•Recklesshasconsumedasubstantialamountofalcoholthatnight,he’sdrivingiserratic.(II)Thestandardandburdenofproofthatmustbedischarged;Causation'butfor'(BarnettVChelsea)'novusactusinterveniens'Recklesshasconsumedasubstantialamountofalcoholthatnight,he’sdrivingiserratic.Sashasufferedabrokenleg.(II)Thestandardandburdenofproofthatmustbedischarged;(III)Whatwillhavetobeprovedtothecourtsatisfaction?Inordertosuccessfullyclaimdamagesforatorttheclaimantmustproveonabalanceofprobabilitiesthreethings:Dutyofcareisowedtotheclaimant.Inthiscase,becauseoftheneighbourprinciple,RecklessoweadutyofcaretoToneandSashaTherehasbeenabreachofthatdutyofcare,beingthatthedefendanthasfailedtoactreasonably.Inthiscase,Recklessclearlyknowthathewilldriveacar,butdrinkingalot,whichisnotcarefulasadriver.Thebreachofdutycausedtheharmtoclaimant.Inthiscase,RecklesstoproveaclearlinkbetweentheTongandSashaharmcaused.BecauseofRecklessdrunkdriving,TongandSashasufferedinjuryanddamage.(f)ExplainwhatdefencesarelikelytobeavailabletoReckless.Ishelikelytobesuccessful?DefencesDefencesagainstsuccessfulactionsinnegligencecanbeusedtoavoid，reduce.orlimitliabilityinthefollowingways:(a)Avoid-anemployeecanclaimunderthelawofvicariousliabilitythatitistheiremployerwhoisliablefortheirownnegligence.(b)Reduce-Thecontributorynegligenceoftheclaimantresultinareductionindamagesofbetween10-75%whereitcanbeprovedthattheclaimanthadcontributedtotheirinjuryinsomeway.Inexceptionalcircumstancesdamageshavebeenreducedby10%.(c)Reduce-‘Volentinonfitinjuria’thattowhichyouconsent)applieswhenthereisaknownriskonbehalfoftheclaimant,suchasacceptingaliftfromadrunkdriver.Insuchcasesthoughitmustbeprovedthattheclaimantknewof,andconsentedto,suchrisks.(d)Limit-TheLimitationAct1980statesthatclaimsintortshouldbebroughttocourtwithinsixyearsfromthedateofnegligence.Inpersonalinjuryclaimsthishasbeenreducedtothreeyears.(f)