水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇

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水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇1.PlanningApproachanditsPhysicalFactors1.规划方法和物理因素Damsareoneofthegroupsofimportantcivilengineeringworkconstructedbymanforhisphysical,economic,andenvironmentalbetterment.Thislistalsoincludeswaterways,highways,bridges,pipelines,electricaltransmissionlines,dikesandlevees,railroads,tunnels,jetties,breakwaters,docks,irrigationstructures,recreationallakes,andothers.大坝是重要的土建工程组之一,由人们以改善其物质、经济和环境的目的而建设。其中还包括航道、公路、桥梁、管道、输电线路、堤坝和防洪堤、铁路、隧道、导流堤、防波堤、码头、灌溉建筑物、旅游湖泊,等等。Inalmosteverywaterprojectplanorsituationoneormoredamsareimportantelementsofaprojectplan.However,itisseldomthatthedamisthesoleoronlyfacility.Inafloodcontrolplan,adamandreservoirmaybetheonlyprojectworks,butitismorelikelyaccompaniedadvantageouslywithleveesandotherchannelcontrolworks.Inwatersupply-irrigation,municipal,industrial,anddomestic-andinpowergeneration,damsareoneofacombinationofprojectfeaturesneededtoaccomplishthedesiredproject.Insuchcases,thedamcannotbejustifiedindependentlyoftheotherprojectfacilities.Tobeeconomically,financially,socially,andenvironmentallyjustifieditmustbeevaluatedjointlywiththegroupcombinationofprojectfeaturesandthetotalplanevaluatedandjudgedastoitsmerit.Planningforadamisonepartoftheplanningprocessforthetotalprojectobjective.Thelocation,size,anddesignofadamwillbeinfluenced,andoftencontrolled,bytheselectionoftheattainableandbestwarrantedoverallprojectplan.Physicalfactorsofplanformulationincludethefollowings:在几乎所有的水工程计划或选址中,一个或多个大坝对于一个项目计划来说是非常重要的因素。但是,大坝也很少是唯一的设施。在一个防洪计划中,一个大坝和水库可能是仅有的工作工程,但是它很可能更有效地配有堤坝和其他渠道控制工程。在灌溉供水、市政、工业和生活以及发电中,大坝是为了达到设计目的的项目功能组合之一。因此,大坝孤立于其他的工程设施是不合理的。为了从经济、财政、社会和环境方面证明其合理性,就必须结合项目特点和整个计划对其优点进行评估和判断。对大坝的规划是对整个项目目标规划过程的一部分。大坝的坝址、规模和设计将会受到可达到的和最佳选择的整个项目计划的影响,并且经常受到其控制。计划制定的物理因素包括以下几个方面:1.1WaterSupplyAvailableforDevelopment1.1可供水量Exceptforfloodcontrolprojectswateristheessentialcommodity;infloodcontrolprojectsitssuddenexcessistheproblem.Theoccurrenceofsurfacerunoffstreamflowsresultsfromweatherphenomenawhichareunderstoodonlyingeneralprinciple.Forwaterprojectplanningpurposesrelianceisplacedonthepremiseofrecurringstreamflowswithfuturequantitiesandvariationssimilartothosethathaveoccurredinthepast.Directmeasurementsofflowsofsomestreamsoverseveraldecades,togetherwithmeasurementsofprecipitationoverperiodsofacenturyormoreatsomelocations,supportthepremise.Acknowledgingthatamoreextremefloodordroughtcanoccurthanhasactuallybeenmeasuredorobservedinafewrecenttimeperiods,thehistoricalmeasurementsofstreamflowsareacceptedasthebestavailableforecastsofstreamflowsuppliesforwaterconservationdevelopments.Theoriesandprinciplesofprobabilityofvariationofstreamflowquantitiesaresometimesapplied,butmostcommonlyanactualrecordofsomeyearsofdurationisused,unmodified,forcalculatingthewaterconservationaccomplishmentofaplan.Wheremeasurementshavenotbeenmade,oronlyaveryfewmade,ataspecificdamsiteitispossibletoestimateorsynthesizestreamflowstatisticsatanydamsitebyreliablecorrelationmethods.除防洪工程外,水都是必需品;在防洪工程中洪水突然过量则是问题。地表径流河流流量的发生是由仅在一般原则下理解的天气现象引起的。水工程规划目的的依据是基于经常性水流且其未来的水量和变化与过去已经发生过的相类似的前提下。该前提可以靠某些河流径流几十年间的直接测量以及某些地点一个世纪或更长时间的降雨测量来支持。认识到可能发生一个比近段时期所测量或观测更加极端的洪水或干旱,所以河流流量的历史测量值是对水保持发展中河流流量供应现有最佳的预测。径流量变化概率的理论和原则有时是被应用的,但是更常见的是应用多年实际记录、未经修改的值,来计算一个计划中水保持的成就。在某些无测量或少测量数据地区,在某个特定坝址,根据可靠的相关方法可以估计或综合退出任何坝址处的径流数据。1.2FloodFlows1.2洪水流量Becauseoftheenormousdamageorpotentialdamagecausedbyafloodofthemagnitudethatoccursonceinahundredyearsorless,streamgagingrecordsof10,20or30yearsareinadequate,althoughofsomeuse,inplanningfloodcontrolprojectsorforthespillwaydesignofanydam.Inadditiontoanyactualmeasurementsofpeakfloodflows(usuallydifficulttoobtainevenwhenastreamisbeinggaged)theprojectplannerusesothertechniquesofestimatingthemagnitudeoffloods.Theseinclude(1)observationsofhighwatermarksevidencedbypreviousfloodsandcomputationsoftheprobableflowfromfloodchanneldimensions,(2)recordsofactualmeasurements(includingdurationtime)ofhighrainfallintensitiesatweatherstationsinthewatershedareaaboveadamsiteornearestcomparablelocation,appliedtocomputationsofrunoffresultingtherefrom.因为由百年一遇或更低的洪水所造成的巨大损害或潜在损害,10、20或30年的流量计量记录是不够的,尽管其在规划防洪工程或在任意大坝溢洪道的设计中有些用处。除了洪峰流量的实际测量值(通常难以获得,即使在流量被测量时)外,项目规划者使用其他评估洪水规模的技术。这些包括:(1)由此前洪水提供的高水位标志的观测值并由此计算行洪通道内的可能的流量,(2)在流域中坝址以上或最近的可比较地点气象站高降雨强度的实际测量记录(包括持续时间),并由此应用到径流的计算中。1.3LocationsofProjectSites1.3项目地点位置Twoprincipalfactorsdeterminethelocationofwaterconservationprojectfacilities:(1)theareasofwaterserviceneed,and(2)locationorlocationsofwatersupplyavailablefordevelopment.Theconnectinglinkisawaterconveyancefacility.Wherethewaterconveyancedistanceislong,orwherepumpingisrequired,thecostofconveyanceisimportantinchoosinglocationsforwaterconservationdevelopment.Itisdesirable,wherepossible,tolocatethesourceatahigherelevationthantheserviceareatoavoidpumpingcosts.Obviously,thereisalsoeconomyinhavingawatersourceneartheplaceofuse.确定蓄水工程设施有两个主要因素:(1)蓄水地区,及(2)可供开发供水的地点。二者的连接环节是输水设施。在输水距离远或是需要提水的地点,考虑开发蓄水地点时输水成本很重要。最好是在可行的地区将水源设置在比受水地区高的地点,这样可以避免提水成本。很明显,将水源设置在用水地区附近也很经济。Thesameconsiderationappliestoselectionofhydroelectricpowergenerationsites,except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