地史学教程课件

地史学/HistoricalGeology1WhatisHistoricalGeology2WhydowestudyHistoricalGeology3HowdowestudyHistoricalGeology第一章绪论Chapter1.Introduction龚一鸣，何卫红（中国地质大学地学院，武汉）电话：[phone](M);-67884892(H)；-62161059，-67884520Email:[e-mail];[e-mail]1WhatisHistoricalGeology?定义-对象-内容-简史4大圈层，3个层次ResearchobjectsforgeohistoryinspaceResearchobjectsforgeohistoryintime生物史-生物圈沉积史-气/水圈构造史-岩石圈基本事实→相互关系→把握现在-预测未来TAZTZQQTLSIN秦岭华南原特提冈瓦纳陆块群昆仑CAI古亚洲斯CAYZNCO/450MaResearchcontentsofHistoricalGeology最接近人类的第18“代”祖先（5.3亿年前）昆明鱼推测的人类第39“代”祖先（6百万年前）6Ma推测的人类第1“代”祖先（38亿年前）据舒德干，2004生物史与人类家谱~∑42OutlineofGeohistoryHistorythroughtimePhanerozoicProterozoicArchaeanCenozoicMesozoicPalaeozoicSed.Paleogeography-沉积古地理学Stratigraphy-地层学Historicaltectonics-历史大地构造学Bio-,sed-,tectono-historyLayeroftime&historyofenvironmentalfluctuations123123321sedimentarysequences210-1-2-3SPECMAP18O80076072068064060056052048044040036032028024020016012080400Age(kyr)Sed-paleogeography:HowtoreconstructpaleoenvironmentsStratigraphy:HowtodategeologicalrecordsandestablisheventsequencesPTBOrbitalforcingisthebridgebetweenanthropologictimeunits>SHistorygeotectonics:HowtoreconstructpaleoplatetectonicsWhatarethecharactersofpaleontology?Whatarethecharactersofgeohistory?and古生物学-地史学古生物学：精细、直观、具体地史学：历史、综合、抽象看-做思-悟concreteabstractintuitiveintegratedfinehistoricalthinking&creatingObserving&doing地地史学启蒙时期(工业革命[1750]前；沧海桑田、三定律，将今论古）TheinitiativestageofHistoricalGeology近代地史学建立阶段（18世纪末-20世纪中；化石层序律、灾变论、相律，生物分区，槽台，大陆漂移）TheestablishingstageofRecentHistoricalGeology现代地史学形成与发展阶段（20世纪中-今；板块、新灾变论、层型、地球系统科学）FormationanddevelopmentstageofModernHistoricalGeology地史学在中国的发展（1921年辛亥革命-今；Grabau,李四光，黄汲清，第1本地史学）DevelopmentofHistoricalGeologyinChina地史学发展简史BriefHistoryoftheHistoricalGeologyasascience地史学启蒙时期TheInitiativePeriodofHistoricGeology•颜真卿(AC709-784)•沈括(AC1031-1095);•L.daVinci(AC1452-1519)•N.Steno(1638-1686),1669;年代较老的地层在下，而较新的地层叠覆在上(LawofSuperposition).•A.G.Werner(1749-1817),水成论Neptunism•J.Hutton(1726-1797),火成论Plutonism，将今论古的现实主义(Actualism)研究方法，“Thepresentisthekeytothepast”.沈括近代地史学建立阶段EstablishmentstageofRecentHistoricalGeology•W.Smith(1769-1839)：thefatherofStratigraphy;LawofFaunalSuccession;•G.Cuvier(1769-1832):Catastrophism;paleontology,•C.Lyell(1797-1875):Uniformitarianism(ThePrinciplesofGeology),doublenaming•A.Gressly(1838):Facies,sedimentology;•J.Walther(1849):Facies’Law(Walther’sLaw)•A.R.Wallace(1875):AnimalGeographicalProvinciality;theso-calledWallace’sline;•A.M.Kapinsky(1889):Paleogeographicalmap,Historicaltectonicanalysis,Russianplatform•J.Dana(1873):AppalachianGeology,ideaofGeosyncline,andthefoldbelt;W.Smith•E.Haug(1900):Austrian,stableplatformandmobilegeosyncline;leadingtotheconceptoftectonicprovincialityofthelithospheredevelopment•E.Suess(1909):Tethys,Gondwana,Laurasia;thesetermsstillusedwidely,especiallysignificanttotheMesozoicandCenozoicgeologyandtheHimalayan-Alpineorogenicbelt;sial(Si-Al,continentalcrust)andsima(Si-Mg,oceaniccrust);•A.L.Wegener(1915):GermanMeteorologist;ContinentDrifting;finallyleadingtoglobaltectonicsandtheplatetectonics;•Mobilismv.s.Fixism,alongfightingsinceearlyperiodingeology,butthecontentschangingineachstage;A.L.Wegener现代地史学形成与发展阶段FormationanddevelopmentofModernHostoricalGeology•Continentaldrifting(A.L.Wegner,1915),Sea-floorspreading(Hess,1960)•PlateTectonics(1968):W.J.Morgen,LePichon,Wilson•Heldberg(1976):InternationalStratigraphicalGuide(ISC)•P.R.Vail(1977):SeismicStratigraphy,SequenceStratigraphy(Exxon,1988)•L.W.Alwarez(1979):Eventstratigraphy;K/Tboundaryevent;extraterrestrialimpact;dinosaursextinction,massextinction;•Cyclostratigraphy,Eco-stratigraphy,Integratedstratigraphy,EnvironmentalStratigraphy•Plumetectonics(Mayuyama,1994),Geodynamics,地史学在中国的发展ThedevelopmentofHistoricalGeologyinChina•翁文灏:1926,Yanshanian,minister,•A.W.Grabau:American,Stratigraphy,PulsationoftheEarth;ProfessorofGeologyinBeijingUniversity;severalgreatbooksonstratigraphyofChina,paleontology•李四光:TheGeologyofChina,paleontology,fusulinids;minister,founderofGeomechanics,•黄汲清:StructuralGeology,OnmajortectonicformsofChina(1945);•王鸿祯:HistoricalGeology,Tectonics,Paleontology,Stratigraphy;tectono-paleogeography,globalreconstructionofancientcontinentsandseas;2WhydowestudyHistoricalGeology沙尘暴笼罩下的北京沙尘暴袭来时的巴格达卡特里娜飓风登陆美国后的惨境如何构建和谐社会海平面上升濒危中美洲国家萨尔瓦多前不久刚刚发生大地震二氧化碳等气体的排放量增加，引致全球气温上升，造成台风频密、海平面上升。自然灾害大量增加的结果，将使渔获失收和农作物受到破坏。报告估计一些岛屿国家和地方，例如马尔代夫、马绍尔群岛和密克罗尼西亚等，将受到较严重的打击，在2050年前，有关气候变化所造成的损失将超过产值的10%。欧洲在伤亡和医疗方面的损失将达219亿美元。美国在医疗和水资源管理方面的金钱将达300亿美元。联合国环境规划署报告指出，全球气温上升将使世界各国在未来50年间，每年损失共3000亿美元。2WhydowestudyHistoricalGeologyToseewherewemightbegoing,wemustunderstandwherewehavebeen.RobertTamarkin,1993只有深知过去和现在，才能把握未来显生宙的生物集群绝灭历史性(Historical)；综合性(Comprehensive)Reading→Writing→Thinking→CreatingWhatisyourfavoritecartoon?3HowdowestudyHistoricalGeologyWhydon’tstudentslearnwhatteachersteach?“Tellme,andIforget;teachme,andImayremember;involveme,andIlearn.”（BenjaminFranklin）Doingtheminimumamountrequireddoesn'timpressanyone高标准方能成就辉煌的人生InvolvemeandIlearnReferences-VIR[1]《地史学精品课程网上资源》讲义（PDForPPTfiles)[2]刘本培，全秋琦，地史学教程，地