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TheStylisticFeaturesofPresidentObama’sVictorySpeechBackground&CommentsObama'sfinestspeechesdonotexcite...Theyelevate.Theyenmeshyouinagrandermoment,asifhistoryhasstoppedflowingpassivelyby,and,justforaninstant,contractedaroundyou,madeyouawareofitspresence,andyourroleinit.---------TheAmericanProspect'sEzraKlein•You’dhavetohaveaheartofstonenottofeelmovedbythis.AnAfrican-Americanmanwinsacloselyfoughtcampaigninapivotalstate.Hebeatstwostrongopponents,includingthemightyClintonmachine.Hedoesitinasystemthatfavorsruralvoters.•------TheNewYorkTimes'DavidBrooksPhonologicalfeatures•(1)Appropriatetempoandpitchvariation•InpresidentObama’saddress,hespokeindifferentpitchesandtemposwiththedevelopmentofhisspeech.Inordertoshowhisfeelingsandemotions,presidentObamauseddifferentpitchesandtemposindifferentparts.•(2)Rightlytimedpausesareusedappropriately,waitingforaudience’sfeedbackandmakeemotionalclimax.•(Pauseinpublicspeechisuseful.Itcansignaltheendofathoughtunit,giveanideatimetosinkin,andlenddramaticimpacttoastatement.Thecrucialfactoristimingpauseforarightlengthoftime.Inasense,arightlytimedpausecanbemoreeffectivethanarightword.)•(3)Rhythmiceffect•(Obamaoftenseekstoexploittherhythmoflanguagebythechoiceandarrangementofwords.Obama’sarrangementofstressedandunstressedsyllablesgivesthespeechanalmostmusicalquality.)•Alliterationisusedforrhythmiceffect•e.g.•partisanshipandpettiness,poisonedourPolitics.•Fromparliamentandpalaces.•Anewspiritofservice,anewspiritofsacrifice.WhentherewasdespairintheDustBowlanddepressionacrosstheland,shesawanationconquerfearitselfwithaNewDeal,newjobsandanewsenseofcommonpurpose.Yes,wecanItistheonlychanceforustomakethatchange.•e.g.toputourpeoplebacktoworkandopendoorsforourkids;torestoreprosperityandpromotethecauseofpeace…•Blockbyblock,brickbybrick•Heartacheandhope•Shelivedtoseethemstandupandspeakout…•(4)DistinctarticulationStandardpronunciation;Fluentspeakingandgoodmemory如：Letus，而不用“Let’s…”Iwouldnotbestandinghere…(不用”Iwouldn’t…”)少用吞音，压缩音，缩略词也少用,不仅减少了理解困难，同时使奥巴马的演讲显得庄重、严肃。•(5)Stressisusedonsomewords•e.g.Theirvoicescould`bethatdifferent.•Ourunion`canbeperfected.•(5)Fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication•(Gesturesappearnaturallyandspontaneously,helptoclarifyorreinforceideasandbesuitedtotheaudienceandoccasion.Eyescontactsaresometimesusedtoestablishacommunicativebondwiththeaudience,conveyingthespeaker’sconfidence,sincerityandconviction.)LexicalFeatures•Lesshardwordsareused,however,thebigabstractwordswhichdescribethequalityarealsofrequentlyused.Andthesewordsmadethespeechformalandseriouswithoutlosingthefeaturesofformalpublicspeech.•e.g.democracy,sacrifice,enormity,mortgage,humanity,determination,challenge•Thisisourchancetoanswerthatcall.Thisisourmoment.•Thisisourtime-toputourpeoplebacktoworkandopendoorsofopportunityforourkids;torestoreprosperityandpromotethecauseofpeace;toreclaimtheAmericanDreamandreaffirmthatfundamentaltruth-thatoutofmany,weareone;thatwhilewebreathe,wehope,andwherewearemetwithcynicism,anddoubt,andthosewhotellusthatwecan't,wewillrespondwiththattimelesscreedthatsumsupthespiritofapeople:•Yes,wecan.•Pronounsareused,especiallythefirst&secondpersonpronouns“we,I,me,my,usandour&youandyour”•Inpublicspeech,byfrequentlyusingthefirstpersonpronouns,itiseasierforthespeakertodemonstratehisviewsandgettheresonancefromthepublic.•Theuseof“we”canmaketheaddressandpresidentObamaclosertothepublic,becausethiswordcanshortenthedistancebetweenthepresidentandordinaryAmericans,andtheirrelationshipbecomesmoreintimate.•在奥巴马的演说词中，多次运用“We”，便于拉近演讲者和听众的距离，听众感受到与演说者的一种强烈的亲密联系，整个国家仿佛是一个密切的整体，这样更容易赢得听众的赞同和支持。•在此演讲中，we共计使用47次,us用12次，our用27次，合计86次。•当演讲者用“we”代替“I”时，可以营造一种友好的气氛，让受众感到更为亲切。Syntactic(Grammatical)features•Variationinsentencelength•Theadoptionofdifferentlengthsofsentencesmadehisaddressmoreacceptable,understandable,andeloquentandcansatisfyboththeordinaryandtheelitestaste.Andthecombinationofshortsentencesandlongsentencemadethespeechlessboring.•Varioussentencetypes•ThemajorityofsentencesinpresidentObama’sspeecharedeclarativesentences,butimperativesentencesandinterrogativesentencescanalsobefound.•Thedifferenttypesofsentencescanmakethelistenerscloselyfollowthespeaker’sideawithoutfeelingbored.TheInterrogativesentencecanleadthelistenerstothinkandthengettheresonance.TheimperativesentencesmadethelistenersfeeltobeinvolvedinpresidentObama’saddressandcanfeelboththeheavyresponsibilityontheirshoulderandthepridetobeanAmerican.•祈使句的作用就是向听众进行直接的呼吁，激起他们的热情，让他们按照演讲人的意图办事。恰当地使用祈使句具有极大的煽动性，引起共鸣，激起热情，鼓舞人心。例如：Soletussummonanewspiritofpatriotism...Letusrememberthatifthisfinancialcrisistaughtusanything...weriseorfallasonenation；asonepeople.Letusresistthetemptation...LetusrememberthatitwasamanfromthisstatewhofirstcarriedthebanneroftheRepublicanPartytotheWhiteHouse...圆周句/掉尾句的使用•e.g.It'sbeenalongtimecoming,buttonight,becauseofwhatwedidonthisdateinthiselectionatthisdefiningmoment,changehascometoAmerica.•(在奥巴马讲这番话时，听众不知道句首的“it”指什么，于是注意力就被吸引到句子的最后一部分，即“changehascometoAmerica”。奥巴马变革的决心也进一步得到了强调。)SemanticFeatures•Parallelism•Quotation直接引用•Repetition反复•Contrast对照•Metapho