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DialectandRegisterpresentedbyJiangLingContentsDialectDefinitionofregisterRelationshipbetweendialectandregisterLead-in:Question&AnswerWhenyoutalkwithdifferentpeople,likeyourparents,friends,orstrangers,doyoucommunicatewiththeminthesameway?1.DialectDefinitionofdialect:(1)It’sthevarietiesoflanguageaccordingtousers(differentregions,temporalspace,sex,age,class,etc).(2)Itreferstoavarietyofalanguagethatischaracteristicofaparticulargroupofthelanguage’sspeakers.ShanghaidialectSichuandialect•两个四川人到北京观光旅游，由于对北京的地理环境不太熟悉，就在公交车上打开地图研究。•甲：“我们先杀（去）到天安门，然后再杀到毛主席纪念馆，最后杀到中南海……”•乙：“要得嘛我们就一路杀过切。”•不幸被同车群众举报，下车后被扭到公安机关，交代若干个小时情况后才被放出。•甲乙两人来到天安门广场，看着人来人往，两人顿时无语……。•甲忍不住说：“你浪个（为什么）不开腔（枪）喃？”乙：“你都不开腔我浪个敢开嘛？”话音刚落，又被广场群众扭送至公安机关。•一周后两人走出看守所大门，你看看我，我看看你，甲说：“这哈安逸了，包包都遭整空了，哪点去搞点子弹（钱）嘛？……”•门口的武警冲上来将两人按倒在地……Aredialectsacceptableinpublicplaces?2.DefinitionofregisterDefinition:AccordingtoM.A.Halliday,registeristhevarietiesaccordingtouse.Twoslogons:(1)Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.------Halliday(2)Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Inthisaspectitdiffersfromdialect.2.Definitionofregister•Examples•ExampleOne:Adaptinglanguagetosuitthetopicisafairlystraightforwardmatter.Manyactivitieshaveaspecializedvocabulary.Ifyouareplayingaballgame,youneedtoknowthat'zero'isaduckincricket,loveintennis,andnilinsoccer.Ifyouhaveadrinkwithfriendsinapub,youneedtoknowgreetingssuchas:Cheers!Here'stoyourgoodhealth!•ExampleTwo:Thesamepersonmightutteranyofthefollowingthreesentences,dependingonthecircumstances:•Ishouldbegratefulifyouwouldmakelessnoise.•Pleasebequiet.•Shutup!2.Definitionofregister•Summary•Whenweareindifferentsituations,facingdifferentobjects,differentlanguagevarietieswiththesamemeaningwillbeusedforthebestcommunicativeeffect.Thiskindofphenomenoniscalledregister.3.Relationshipbetweendialectandregister•Dialectandregisteraretwocategoriesofvarietiesoflanguage.Inspiteoftheobviousdifferencesbetweenthem,theyarecloselyrelatedtoeachother.•Threerespectsoftherelationshiparetobediscussedinthissection:differencesandcorrespondance;overlap;transformation.3.Relationshipbetweendialectandregister•3.1Differencesandcorresponaence•3.1.1Differences•Yourdialectshowswhoyouarewhileyourregistersshowswhatyouaredoing.(Hudson,1996)•Adialectis'whatyouspeak'(habitually);aregisteris'whatyouarespeaking'(atgiventime).(Halliday,1978)3.Relationshipbetweendialectandregister3.1.1Differences•Dialectreflectsthespeaker'ssocialbackground,suchashisage,sex,regionalbackground,socialstatus,education,etc..•Registerindicatesthespeaker'soccupation,purpose,situation,therole-relationshipbetweentheaddressorandtheaddressee,andthewayofcommunication,namelyspeakingorwriting.3.RelationshipbetweendialectandregisterDialectisdifferentwaysofsayingthesamething.Registerisdifferentwaysofsayingdifferentthings.3.1.1Differences3.1Correspondingrelationshipbetweendialectandregister(adaptedfromHalliday1978)DialectRegisterDefiningcriterialanguageuserlanguageuseNaturewhatisspokenhabituallywhatisbeingspokenatthetimeDetermingfactorwhoyouarewhatyouaredoingDiversityexpressedsocialstructuresocialprocessAreasofdifferencephonetics,phonology,lexico-grammarsemantics(hence,lexico-grammar,sometimesphonology)3.1Correspondingrelationshipbetweendialectandregister(adaptedfromHalliday1978)DialectRegisterExtremecasesanti-language,mother-in-lawlanguagesrestrictedlanguages,languageforspecialpurposesTypicalinstancessubculturalvarietiesoccupationalvarietiesControllingvariablessocialclass;caste;provenance;generation;age;sexfield;tenor;modeCharacterizedbyattitudestowardsdialectdistinctionofspoken/written;languageinaction/reflection3.Relationshipbetweendialectandregister•3.2Overlap•Oneman'sdialectmightbeanotherman'sregister.•Forexample,EnglishusedinclasscomparedwithChinese.A(Americans)B(Chinesepeople)X(English)DialectRegisterOverlapbetweendialectandregister3.Relationshipbetweendialectandregister•3.3Transformation•Definition:Dialectcanbetransformedintoregisterinsomeconditions.•Code-switching:useoftwoormorelinguisticvarietiesinthesameconversationorinteraction.(CarolMyers-Scotton&WilliamUry)•Codeswitching(CS)occursfarmoreofteninconversationthaninwriting.Itisafairlycommonphenomenonineverydaycommunication,isregardedastheinevitableconsequenceofbilinguilismormultilinguilism.MoredetailswillbetalkedaboutinChapter7.