论文基本架构和格式

論文基本架構和格式Contents:APAin-textcitationAPAworkreferenceMLAin-textcitationMLAworkreferenceAPAandMLAin-textcitationGeneralformatAPAMLA作者(last+firstname)+出版年份(加括弧)+書名(斜體)+出版地區+出版社作者(last+firstname)+書名(加底線)+出版地區+出版社+出版年份(不加括弧)Turlington,C.(2003).Livingyoga:Creatingalifepractice.NewYork:Hyperion.Winchester,Stone.Thewriter’soptions.NewYork:Harper.2003.(姓+名字第一個字母)(儘量寫出作者全名)作者名字寫法兩位作者第一位,&第二位Martin,D.C.,&(and)Smyth,A.F.第一位,and第二位Simon,Jim,andTonySchwartz三位作者第一位,第二位,&第三位Martin,D.C.,Wise,R.,&Weber,K.第一位,第二位,and第三位Simon,Jim,RichardWise,andKarlWeber.(第二位名字為:名+姓)(第二位後的名字為:名+姓)多於三位作者同一方法列出所有作者Usethefirstauthor'snamefollowedbyetal.inallcitations.(Baldwin,Utleyetal.,2001)同一方法列出所有作者也可用“etal”代替(Clark,Duncan,etal.)(etal.=andothers)APAAmericanPsychologicalAssociationFormatParentheticalcitationsarecitationstooriginalsourcesthatappearinthetextofyourpaper.Thisallowsthereadertoseeimmediatelywhereyourinformationcomesfrom,anditsavesyouthetroubleofhavingtomakefootnotesorendnotes.TheAPAstylecallsforthreekindsofinformationtobeincludedinin-textcitations.Theauthor'slastnameandthework'sdateofpublicationmustalwaysappear,andtheseitemsmustmatchexactlythecorrespondingentryinthereferenceslist.Thethirdkindofinformation,thepagenumber,appearsonlyinacitationtoadirectquotation.WheretoplaceparentheticalcitationsOptionDescriptionSampleCitation1.Idea-focusedPlacetheauthor(s)anddate(s)inparenthesesatanappropriateplaceinorattheendofasentence.Researchershavepointedoutthatthelackoftrainedstaffisacommonbarriertoprovidingadequatehealtheducation(Fisher,1999)andservices(Weist&Christodulu,2000).2.Researcher-focusedPlaceonlythedateinParentheses.Fisher(1999)recommendedthathealtheducationberequiredforhighschoolgraduationinCalifornia.3.Chronology-focusedIntegrateboththeauthoranddateintoyoursentence.In2001,WeistproposedusingtheChildandAdolescentPlanningSchematoanalyzeanddevelopcommunitymentalhealthprogramsforyoungpeople.ThebasicformatforAPAin-textcitationBasicFormat(Author'slastname,yearofpublication)e.g.,Onerecentstudyfindsageneticlinktoalcoholism(Jones,1997).e.g.,Jones(1997)findsageneticlinktoalcoholism.MultipleAuthorsWhenaworkhasonlytwoauthors,usebothoftheirnameseachtimetheirworkiscited,joinedbyanampersand(&)ifinparentheses,orbythewordandifintext:Inparentheses:(Cortez&Jones,1997)Intext:CortezandJones(1997)Forthree,four,orfiveauthors,refertoallauthorsinthefirstcitation,thenusethefirstauthor’slastnamefollowedbytheabbreviationetal.(notitalicizedandwithaperiodafteral):Firstcitation:(Cortez,Jones,Gold,&Hammond,1998)Subsequentcitations:(Cortezetal.,1998)Forsixormoreauthors,usethefirstauthor'slastnamefollowedbytheabbreviationetal.:Inallcitations:(Burkeetal.,1999)author-dateDifferentAuthorswiththeSameLastNameWhencitingdifferentauthorswiththesamelastname,includetheirfirstandmiddleinitials,sothatareadercandifferentiatebetweenthem:B.A.Jones(1998)andR.F.Jones(1998)alsofoundMoreThanOneWorkbytheSameAuthorIfyouarecitingmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,includeenoughinformationsothatyourreadercandifferentiatebetweenthem.Forinstance,ifyouhaveusedtwostudiesbythesameauthors(fromdifferentyears),yousimplyneedtoincludetheirdatesofpublication:(Jones,Crick,&Waxson,1989);(Jones,Crick,&Waxson,1998)or,ifyouarecitingbothatonce:(Jones,Crick,&Waxson,1989,1998)Ifyouarecitingmorethanoneworkfromthesameyear,usethesuffixesa,b,cetc.,sothatyourreadercandifferentiatebetweenthem(thesesuffixeswillcorrespondtotheorderofentriesinyourreferencespage):(Jones,Crick,&Waxson,1999a);(Jones,Crick,&Waxson,1999b)CitesourcewithnoauthorWhenyouhave...Here'swhatyoudo:SampleCitationAsourcewithnoauthorUsethefirstfewwordsofthetitle--inquotationmarksforarticleorchapter,initalicsforself-containeditem(MadCow,2001)(SleepMedicine,2001)AneditedworkwithnoauthorUseeditor(s)namesintheauthorpositionAtypicalbibliographicentryforabook(APAformat)Theauthor'snameislistedfirst,followedbythedateofpublication,inparentheses,endedwithaperiod.Nextisthebooktitle(initalics).Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitle(andthefirstwordofthesubtitle,ifany)andanypropernames.Includeanyadditionalinformationnecessaryforretrievingthebook(suchas3rded.orVol.4)inparentheses,immediatelyafterthetitle.Closewithafinalperiod.Thepublicationinformationcomeslast.Identifythecityand,ifthecityisnotwellknownorcouldbeconfusedwithanothercity.Placeacolon(:)afterthecityname,thenidentifythenameofthepublisher,clearlyandbriefly.Closewithaperiod.Book,OneauthorsArnheim,R.(1971).Artandvisualperception.Berkeley,CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Book,TwoAuthorsStrunk,W.,&White,E.B.(1979).Theelementsofstyle(3rded.).NewYork:Macmillan.Atypicalbibliographicentryforajournal(APAformat)Listthename(s)oftheauthor(s)ofthearticleattheheadoftheentry,lastnamesfirst.Useanampersand(&)justbeforethelastauthorwhenevertherearetwoormoreauthors.Ifareferencearticlehasnoauthorlisted,placethetitleintheauthorpositionbeforethedate.Finishtheelementwithaperiod.Next,listtheyeartheworkwascopyrightedinparentheses(forunpublish