光伏组件测试基础知识(德国光伏测试工程师写的内部PPT)

Leavetitlegray!EmptytemplatePhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaicsGMC-IChinaCharlesMa13817443004MichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•2Usingthesunasarevenuegeneratorisnotonlyclever,itcanalsobeveryprofitable!PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•3TopicsPhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaicSystemLayoutFundamentals/CharacteristicCurvesInternationalTestSpecificationsWhichtestsarerequired?TechnicalSpecificationsofthePROFITESTPVUSPsCapacitiveMeasuringMethodCalculationofInternalSeriesResistancePVAnalyzerSoftwareforGraphicRepresentation,EvaluationandDocumentationwithIntegratedDatabasePhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•4PhotovoltaicSystemLayoutPhotovoltaics1PVgenerator(severalPVmodulesconnectedinseriesandparallelwithmountingframe)2Generatorterminalbox(withsafetytechnology)3Directcurrentconductors4Directcurrentenablingdevice5Inverter6ACcables7Metercabinetwithelectricalcircuitdistribution,importandexportmeters,servicelineandsafetytechnologySource:photovoltaicsystems,DGSMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•5BasicTerminologyPhotovoltaic'simpliesphotonenergyfromthesunandthevoltagewhichisgeneratedtherefrom.PhotovoltaiceffectThephotovoltaiceffectisthedirecttransformationoflightintoelectricalpowerwiththehelpofsolarcells,i.e.solarenergyisconvertedintoelectricalenergy.Grid-connectedphotovoltaicsystemAPVsystemwhichisconnectedtothepublicpowergrid.Powergeneratedbythesesystemsisfedtothepublicgrid.Off-gridphotovoltaicsystemSystemforphotovoltaicpowergenerationwithoutconnectiontothepublicgrid.Asarule,off-gridphotovoltaicsystemsareusedtosupplyisolatedconsumerswithoutaccesstothegrid,e.g.remotetelecommunicationsequipment,navigationalmarks,remoteestatesorvillages(typicalexample:theSHS–solarhomesystem–indevelopingnations).PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•6Solarpowermodule–string–arrayThetermssolarmoduleandsolarpanelareinterchangeableanddesignatetheindividualmodules.Stringsaregeneratorsconsistingofinterconnectedindividualmodules,andeachstringisconnectedtoaninverter(oramulti-stringinverter).ArraysaregroupsofseveralstringsincludedinaPVgenerator,whichthusconsistoflinesandcolumns.Current-voltagecharacteristics(IUcurve)Current-voltagecharacteristicsrepresentPVgeneratorperformanceundervariousloadconditionsintheformofadiagram.Thecharacteristiccurvedependsuponmomentaryirradianceandsolarcelltemperature.BasicTerminologySolarcellSemiconductordiodewithlarge-surfaceinsulatinglayerexposedtosunlightwhichdirectlygenerateselectricalenergywhenstruckbythesun’srays.BasicTerminologyBasicTerminologyPhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•7BasicTerminologyCharacteristiccurrent-voltagecurveThecharacteristiccurrent-voltagecurveofaPVgeneratorindicatesitsvariousattributesandproblems,andservesasabasisforseveralessential,characteristicvalues.Forexample,partialshadingintheformofdiffuseorcastshadowsshowupinthecharacteristiccurve,asdohighinternalresistancevaluesandanymissingorincorrectlyinstalledbypassdiodes.Recognizingthesedetailsnecessitatesacertainamountofexperienceininterpretingthecharacteristiccurves,aswellasbasicknowledgeofthephysicsofthePVcell(fromasemiconductorstandpoint).PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•8CharacteristicCurrent-VoltageCurveBasicTerminologyPhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•9BasicTerminologyDirectradiation/diffuseradiationDirectradiation(shadowcasting)strikesasurfacewithoutdiffusionduetotheconstituentsoftheEarth’satmosphere.Diffusion(duetofog,hazeorclouds)resultsindiffuse/indirectradiation.MismatchingConnectionofworseandbettermoduleswithinasinglestring,asaresultofwhichtheworstmoduleinthestringdictatescurrent,thusreducingtotalpower.PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•10BasicTerminologySolarconstantThesolarconstantistheamountofsolarirradiationwhichperpendicularlystrikesasurfaceoutsideoftheatmosphere(s=1.37kWpersq.meter).Solarirradiationisnearlyconstantinouterspace;ontheEarthitfluctuatesduringthecourseofthedayandfromseasontoseason,anditvariesdependinguponlatitudeandweatherconditions.ThemaximumvalueonthesurfaceoftheEarthlieswithinarangeof0.8to1.2kWpersquaremeter.TheannualmeanvalueforsolarirradiationinGermany,dependinguponregion,isbetweenapproximately850and1100Wpersquaremeter.PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•11GlobalRadiationOverviewforGermanyApprox.900to1200kWhpersq.meter(long-termannualmeanvalue,1981to2000)Recognizablenorth-southgradientDirectanddiffuseradiationcomponentsmakeup50%eachovertheyearPhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•12SystemLocationFor52°latitudenorthZenithNorth21June,61.4°21March/23Sept.,38°21Dec.,14.5°South8:36a.m.Sunrise,CET:East4:09a.m.PhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•130°Orientation(azimuth)andInclination(elevation)WestSouth75°60°45°30°15°0°-15°-30°-45°-60°-75°100%90°-90°95%80%70%90%90°75°60°45°30°15°15°30°45°60°75°90°For52°latitudenorthEastPhotovoltaicsMichaelRoickʘProductManagerʘApril2011•14BasicTerminologySolarirradiationSolarirradiationiscomprisedofdirectirradiationfromthesun,aswell