Nanoscale-Energy-Transport-and-Conversion

NanoscaleEnergyTransportandConversionAParallelTreatmentofElectrons,Molecules,Phonons,andPhotonsGangChenMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS2005ContentsForeword,viiIntroduction,31ThereIsPlentyofRoomattheBottom,42ClassicalDefinitionofTemperatureandHeat,93MacroscopicTheoryofHeatTransfer,91.3.1Conduction,91.3.2Convection,111.3.3Radiation,131.3.4EnergyBalance,161.3.5LocalEquilibrium,171.3.6ScalingTrendsunderMacroscopicTheories,174MicroscopicPictureofHeatCarriersandTheirTransport,181.4.1HeatCarriers,181.4.2AllowableEnergyLevelsofHeatCarriers,221.4.3StatisticalDistributionofEnergyCarriers,231.4.4SimpleKineticTheory,251.4.5MeanFreePath,275Micro-andNanoscaleTransportPhenomena,281.5.1ClassicalSizeEffects,281.5.2QuantumSizeEffects,291.5.3FastTransportPhenomena,306PhilosophyofThisBook,327NomenclatureforChapter1,348References,359Exercises,37MaterialWavesandEnergyQuantization,431BasicWaveCharacteristics,442WaveNatureofMatter,46XVIIICONTENTS2.2.1Wave-ParticleDualityofLight,462.2.2MaterialWaves,482.2.3TheSchrödingerEquation,492.3ExampleSolutionsoftheSchrödingerEquation,522.3.1FreeParticles,522.3.2ParticleinaOne-DimensionalPotentialWell,532.3.3ElectronSpinandthePauliExclusionPrinciple,582.3.4HarmonicOscillator,592.3.5TheRigidRotor,632.3.6ElectronicEnergyLevelsoftheHydrogenAtom,642.4SummaryofChapter2,702.5NomenclatureforChapter2,722.6References,722.7Exercises,733EnergyStatesinSolids773.1CrystalStructure,783.1.1DescriptionofLatticesinRealSpace,783.1.2RealCrystals,813.1.3CrystalBondingPotential,843.1.4ReciprocalLattice,873.2ElectronEnergyStatesinCrystals,913.2.1One-DimensionalPeriodicPotential(Kronig-PenneyModel),913.2.2ElectronEnergyBandsinRealCrystals,983.3LatticeVibrationandPhonons,1003.3.1One-DimensionalMonatomicLatticeChains,1003.3.2EnergyQuantizationandPhonons,1033.3.3One-DimensionalDiatomicandPolyatomicLatticeChains,1043.3.4PhononsinThree-DimensionalCrystals,1053.4DensityofStates,1053.4.1ElectronDensityofStates,1073.4.2PhononDensityofStates,1093.4.3PhotonDensityofStates,1103.4.4DifferentialDensityofStatesandSolidAngle,1113.5EnergyLevelsinArtificialStructures,1113.5.1QuantumWells,Wires,Dots,andCarbonNanotubes,1113.5.2ArtificialPeriodicStructures,114CONTENTSxix3.6SummaryofChapter3,1173.7NomenclatureforChapter3,1183.8References,1193.9Exercises,1214StatisticalThermodynamicsandThermalEnergyStorage1234.1EnsemblesandStatisticalDistributionFunctions,1244.1.1MicrocanonicalEnsembleandEntropy,1244.1.2CanonicalandGrandCanonicalEnsembles,1274.1.3MolecularPartitionFunctions,1304.1.4Fermi-Dirac,Bose-Einstein,andBoltzmannDistributions,1344.2InternalEnergyandSpecificHeat,1374.2.1Gases,1384.2.2ElectronsinCrystals,1414.2.3Phonons,1444.2.4Photons,1464.3SizeEffectsonInternalEnergyandSpecificHeat,1484.4SummaryofChapter4,1504.5NomenclatureforChapter4,1534.6References,1544.7Exercises,1555EnergyTransferbyWaves,1595.1PlaneWaves,1605.1.1PlaneElectronWaves,1615.1.2PlaneElectromagneticWaves,1615.1.3PlaneAcousticWaves,1675.2InterfaceReflectionandRefractionofaPlaneWave,1695.2.1ElectronWaves,1695.2.2ElectromagneticWaves,1715.2.3AcousticWaves,1785.2.4ThermalBoundaryResistance,1805.3WavePropagationinThinFilms,1855.3.1PropagationofEMWaves,1865.3.2PhononsandAcousticWaves,1915.3.3ElectronWaves,193XXCONTENTS5.4EvanescentWavesandTunneling,1945.4.1EvanescentWaves1945.4.2Tunneling1955.5EnergyTransferinNanostructures:LandauerFormalism,1985.6TransitiontoParticleDescription,2045.6.1WavePacketsandGroupvelocity,2045.6.2CoherenceandTransitiontoParticleDescription,2075.7SummaryofChapter5,2165.8NomenclatureforChapter5,2185.9References,2205.10Exercises,2236ParticleDescriptionofTransportProcesses:ClassicalLaws,2276.1TheLiouvilleEquationandtheBoltzmannEquation,2286.1.1ThePhaseSpaceandLiouville'sEquation,2286.1.2TheBoltzmannEquation,2306.1.3IntensityforEnergyFlow,2336.2CarrierScattering,2336.2.1ScatteringIntegralandRelaxationTimeApproximation,2346.2.2ScatteringofPhonons,2376.2.3ScatteringofElectrons,2406.2.4ScatteringofPhotons,2406.2.5ScatteringofMolecules,2426.3ClassicalConstitutiveLaws,2426.3.1FourierLawandPhononThermalConductivity,2436.3.2Newton'sShearStressLaw,2476.3.3Ohm'sLawandtheWiedemann-FranzLaw,2496.3.4ThermoelectricEffectsandOnsagerRelations,2546.3.5HyperpolicHeatConductionEquationandItsValidity,2586.3.6MeaningofLocalEquilibriumandValidityofDiffusionTheories,2606.4ConservativeEquations,2626.4.1Navier-StokesEquations,2636.4.2ElectrohydrodynamicEquation,2666.4.3PhononHydrodynamicEquations,2686.5SummaryofChapter6,2736.7NomenclatureforChapter6,2756.8References,2776.9Exercises,279CONTENTSxxi7ClassicalSizeEffects,2827.1SizeEffectsonElectronandPhononConductionParalleltoBoundaries,2837.1.1ElectricalConductionalongThinFilms,2857.1.2PhononHeatConductionalongThinFilms,2887.2TransportPerpendiculartotheBoundaries,2927.2.1ThermalRadiationbetweenTwoParallelPlates,2927.2.2HeatConductionacrossThinFilmsandSuperlattices,2997.2.3RarefiedGasHeatConductionbetweenTwoParallelPlates,3027.2.4CurrentFlowacrossHeterojunctions,3077.3RarefiedPoiseuilleFlowandKnudsenMinimu