国际大公司的安全管理——起重吊装安全知识

DRMediathequeLafarge•KnowledgeofSafeLifting&Rigging/Level1起重吊装安全知识/初级2•Purpose培训目的UnderstandKnowledgeofLifting&Rigging了解起重吊装作业的基本知识UnderstandHazardTypesandCausesofLifting&RiggingWork了解起重吊装作业的危害种类及成因UnderstandandFollowSiteControlSOP-Lifting了解并遵守施工现场安全起重吊装控制流程ReduceLifting&RiggingRiskImproveLifting&Riggingsafetysituation减少吊装起重作业风险，改进吊装起重作业安全状态3•TrainingContent培训内容SitecontrolofSOP-Lifting施工现场安全起重吊装控制流程SummaryandDiscussion总结与讨论KnowledgeofSafeLifting&Rigging起重吊装安全知识4•KnowledgeofLifting&Rigging起重吊装作业的基本知识1、Liftingmachine起重机械2、Slings索具3、Signals起重信号4、L&RStaff&Responsibilities起重作业人员及其职责5•KnowledgeofLifting&Rigging起重吊装作业的基本知识•Liftingmachine起重机械6•Liftingmachine起重机械Ⅰ.DefinitionofLM起重机械的定义Liftingmachinereferstospecialequipmentforelevationandmovingobjects/materialsbyhooksorotherhangers,riggings.起重机是通过吊钩或其他吊具起升、搬运物料的特种机械设备Ⅱ.TypesofLM起重机械的种类Crane起重机(TowerCrane塔式起重机）Others其他起重设备（Liftingjack,chainhoist千斤顶、手动葫芦）LiftingMachine起重机械Lifting升降机、卷扬机7•Liftingmachineinspection起重机械的检测•WhattoInspect需要检测什么AnnualInspectionofthehoistingmachinerymustbeperformedbyanauthorizedinstitute起重机械的检测必须由有资质的机构进行Thepersoninchargemustmaintainarecordoftheseinspections负责人必须对这些检测进行记录AnnualInspection年检Cranewasn’tinspectedandtippedover吊车没有进行检测，并且已经倾倒8•Liftingmachineinspection起重机械的检测•WhattoInspect需要检测什么Properairpressureandnoleakage正确的气压，没有泄露Tiresproperlyinflated轮胎内气体充足Wireropewear钢丝绳的磨损Physicaldamagetocrane吊车的损坏Looseormissinghardware,nuts,orbolts硬件、螺母或螺丝钉的丢失Fluidleakage液体泄露LimitSwitch限位装置Swingradius旋转半径9Whowillbeinchargeofinspection谁将负责起重机械的检测Rigger/CraneOperator起重工/吊车司机Theriggermustinspectallmachineryandequipmentpriortostart-upandduringuse,tomakesurethatitisinsafeworkcondition.起重工必须在使用前检查所有的机器和设备，并且在使用过程中确保各个操作条件的安全Ifcraneneedsfixing,itwillbetakenoutofserviceuntilreparationcompletion.如果需要维修，则不再使用此机器直至维修完毕BrokenTrack破损的履带10•Self-elevatedCraneTower自升塔式起重机Normallythefirstanchoragefixingshouldbe25meterabovegrounddistance,notbeallowedtoexceed50meters,thenevery16to20metersneedstofixanchoronce.第一道锚固装置距地面一般为25米，最大不超过50米。以后每16－20米锚固一道。Thedeviationoftowerverticalityshouldbelessthan2%塔的垂直度偏差不大于2%。Frequentcheckshouldbeperformedonfixingsituationofanchoragefixingapparatus经常检查锚固装置的牢固程度。►Safetydevices安全装置：•Operationprotectivedevices:loadlimit,momentlimit,leadlimitswitch,etc.操作保护装置：载重限制器，力矩限制器，行程限位等。•Electricprotectivedevices:zeroprotection,maximumrelay,emergencyswitch,fusecutoutswitch,etc.电器保护装置：零位保护，过电流继电器，紧急开关，熔断保护等。11•SafeOperationProcedureforTowerCraneLifting(SOP-Lifting)塔式起重机的安全操作规程ItisobligedthattowercraneoperatormustholdthecertificateathandwhichissuedbytheNationalMinistryofLabor.塔式起重机司机必须持有经国家劳动部门考核合格并颁发的上岗证，执证上岗；Newlyassembledorrepairedcranemustperformtrial-runtestandbeinspected&qualifiedbyauthoritybureauthencanbeputintooperation.新安装和经修复的起重机，必须进行试运转，经有关权威部门确认合格后方可使用；Requirementpriortocraneoperation:操作前检查要求：Checkthetransmissionparts,decelerator,andensuretheoilisenough;checktheboltsofeverypartareproperlyfastened.检查各传动部分、减速器、油量是否充足，各部分螺栓是否紧固；Aftercontrolswitchisclosed,checktheoutsidecoverofelectricapplianceandmanipulatortoensureinsafecondition.在总开关闭合后，用试电笔检查电器及控制器外壳，确认安全；Inspectthewearstatusofwiresling.检查钢丝绳的磨损情况；Priortocraneoperation,completeinspectionneedstobecarriedouttomakesurethatmanipulator,transmissionpartandbrakegearareingoodcondition.工作开始前，做一次全面检查，检查各控制器及传动装置、制动装置的可靠性。12•KnowledgeofLifting&Rigging起重吊装作业的基本知识•Slings索具13•KnowledgeofLifting&Rigging起重吊装作业的基本知识Wirerope钢丝绳Nylonrope尼龙绳(化纤)Coirrope棕绳Clasp卡环Ropelock绳卡Elasticityconditioner松紧器Ropes绳(带)Fixture卡具Hook吊钩Slings索具14•Slings索具Nylonrope尼龙绳(化纤)Clasp卡环RopeCappel绳卡Hook吊钩SlingsLegend索具图例Wirerope钢丝绳15•Wirerope钢丝绳Wireropesaredividedbynumbersofstrandsandthenumberofwiresineachstrand.钢丝绳按绳股数及每股中的钢丝数区分。Thereare6*7,7*7,6*19,6*37,6*61types,etc.Amongthem,6*19and6*37arewidelyusedinL&R.Wireropeof6*19isusedascableandslingwhile6*37isusedinpulleyblockandassling.有6股7丝，7股7丝，6股19丝，6股37丝及6股61丝等。吊装中常用的有6×19、6×37两种。6×19钢丝绳可作缆风绳和吊索；6×37钢丝绳用于穿滑车组和作吊索。钢丝绳的安全系数SafetyCoefficientofWireRopeUsageas用途Safetycoefficient安全系数Cable用作缆风绳3.5Slingwithouttwist用作无扭曲的吊索时6~7Manual-controlliftingmachine用于手动起重设备4.5Lashingsling用作捆绑吊索8~10Power-drivenliftingmachine用于电动起重设备5~6Carryingpersons用于载人的升降机1416•WireRope钢丝绳Fixedropeshavemorethantwobrokenwiresinonelayinareasbeyondendconnectionsormorethanonebrokenwireatoneendconnection。固定钢丝绳的一捻,在远离末端连接处的地方有两条以上断掉的金属丝,或者在末端连接处有一条以上断掉的金属丝;Runningropeshavesixrandomlydistributedbrokenwiresinonelayorthreebrokenwiresinonestrandinonelay。转动钢丝绳的一捻中有六处任意分布的断掉的金属丝或者在其一股中有三条断的金属丝;Wearofone-thirdoftheoriginaldiameteroftheoutsideindividualwirescausedbyabrasion,scrubbing,flattening,orpeening;独立的钢丝绳外表由于磨损,擦洗,压扁或者锤击等原因磨损了它原来直径的1/3;Kinking,crushing,birdcaging,oranyotherdamageresultingindistortionoftheropestructure;扭结,破碎,笼形畸变或是其他的损坏而导致钢丝绳结构的变形;Evidenceofheatdamagebyanycauses.由任何原因引起的热破坏现象。Wireropeshouldbereplacedinseveralcircumstances,including,butnotlimitedto:钢丝绳在以下情况下必须更换，但不仅限于17•WireRopeUsageRegulations钢丝绳使用规定Certificate证书AllwireropesmustpassedthetestofLFassignedauthorityInstitutewithissuedcertifi