现代英语词汇学(全英文PPT)

现代英语词汇学ModernEnglishLexicologyUnit1词的概述内容提要一、词的定义二、词的语音与意义三、词的词汇意义与语法意义四、词的意义与概念五、词与词项六、词与词汇第一章：词的概述词的定义1.Awordisaspeechsoundorcombinationofsoundshavingmeaningandusedasabasicunitoflanguageandhumancommunication.——LongmanModernEnglishDictionary2.Awordisasoundorcombinationofsoundsformingaunitofthegrammarorvocabularyofalanguage——OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish第一章：词的概述词的定义3.Awordisoneormoresoundswhichcanbespoken(together)torepresentanidea,object,action,etc.——LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish4.Awordisasoundorcombinationofsounds,oritsrepresentationinwritingorprinting,thatsymbolizesandcommunicatesameaningandmayconsistofasinglemorphemeorofacombinationofmorphemes.——TheAmericanHeritageDictionary第一章：词的概述词的定义5.Awordisasingleunitoflanguagethatcanberepresentedinwritingorspeech.——CollinsCOBULLD6.Awordisanysequenceofletters(andalimitednumberofothercharacteristicssuchashyphenadapostrophe)boundedoneithersidebyaspaceorpunctuationmark.——Orthography（正字法）第一章：词的概述词的语音与意义TheNaturalistsanintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsenseTheConventionalists:what’sinaname?Thatwhichwecallarosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.——Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliiet第一章：词的概述词的语音与意义meaning(concept)Wordformreferent第一章：词的概述词的语音与意义Tree(English)树（Chinese）木（Japanese）第一章：词的概述词的语音与意义Wordshavenomeaning;peoplehavemeaningforthem.——EricPartridge感觉（sensation)知觉（perception）概念（concept)表象（representation)第一章：词的概述词的词汇意义和语法意义Lexicalmeaning&Grammaticalmeaning第一章：词的概述词的词汇意义和语法意义Lexicalmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningStylisticmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaning——GeoffreyLeech第一章：词的概述词的词汇意义和语法意义DesignationConnotationRangeofapplication——LagislavZgusta（捷克词典学家）第一章：词的概述词的词汇意义和语法意义Grammaticalmeaning:ThedogbitthemanButmenobuts.Note:一般来说，虚词（冠词、介词、连词）只有与语法意义，实词（如动词、名词、形容词、副词）既有语法意义又有词汇意义。第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念meaning(concept)Wordformreferent第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）ConceptualmeaningAssociativemeaning：ConnotativemeaningStylisticmeaningAffectivemeaningCollocativemeaning第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）Associativemeaning：Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）:Example:Woman:frail,pronetotears,emotional,sentimentalPoliticianstatesman(区别)Blood:Bloodisthickerthanwater.Makethebloodboil.Bluebloodinone’sveins.HehasCanadianblood.第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）Stylisticmeaning:肌肉的：flesh—carnal身体的：body—corporal皮肤的：skin—cutaneousDeem(think);dispatch(sentout派遣)Complete(finish)第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）AffectivemeaningSlim,thin,skinnyBachelorgirl,singlewoman,oldmaid,spinsterScholar,student,bookwormGathering,crowd,mobUnique,unusual,bizarre第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning词与词的共现关系第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning1.慢车1)slowtrain；2)localtrain2.沉睡1)deepsleep;2)soundsleep3.淡水1)freshwater;2)lightwater4.候机厅1)waitinglounge2)departurelounge第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning5.安全带1)seatbelt;2)safebelt6.老顾客1）oldcustomer2)regularcustomer7.软禁1)softarrest2)housearrest第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）汉英词义对比：severe词语的搭配severeSeveretest严峻的考验Severetraining严格的训练Severereasoning严谨的推理Severecompetition激烈的竞争Severestyle简朴的文体Severebrake急刹车Severeradiation强辐射Severeload过载/超载Severecriticism严厉的批评Severepollution严重污染ACognitiveApproachtoEnglishVocabulary汉英词义对比：severe词语的搭配severeSeveretest严峻的考验Severetraining严格的训练Severereasoning严谨的推理Severecompetition激烈的竞争Severestyle简朴的文体Severebrake急刹车Severeradiation强辐射Severeload过载/超载Severecriticism严厉的批评Severepollution严重污染第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！1.如果像这样看电视，他的眼睛总有一天会瞎掉。IfhewatchesTVlikethis,hiseyeswillbecompletelyblind.2.我感到大学学习相当紧张。Ifeelcollegestudiesarequitebusy3.到处都是广告。Almosteverywherehasadvertisements第一章：词的概述词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！4.我不习惯喝浓茶。Iamnotusedtothicktea.5.我们知道山区是很艰苦的。Weallknowthatmountainareawasratherhard.6.如今人们的生活离不开电视。Nowpeople’slifecan’tleaveTV.7.读书可以获得知识Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.第一章：词的概述词与词项Word&lexicalitem词是构成词汇的基本要素，词项是词典的组成单位，Lexicalitemsareoftenreferredto,loosely,as“words”——JohnLyons第一章：词的概述词语与词汇Words&vocabulary词的总和构成语言的词汇。应注意的介个问题：1.Nativewords&borrowedwords2.Functionalwords&contentwords3.Morpheme&words4.Inflectional&derivational第一章：词的概述Supplementary:1.Nativewords&borrowedwords本族词与外来词本族语词汇：核心词汇基本词汇BasicEnglishandItsUse(850words)——I.A.Richards外来词汇：占词汇总量巨大拉丁语、希腊语、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语以及来自其他语种的词汇。第一章：词的概述Supplementary:2.Functionalwords&contentwords功能词与实词functionalwords（起语法构建作用）冠词、连词、介词、感叹词contentwords:名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词讨论：有语言学家称：实词为开放词，功能词为封闭词第一章：词的概述Supplementary:3.Morpheme&words词是由词素构成的自由词素（freemorpheme)mistake:mistake粘附词素(boundmorpheme)mistake:mis-takebiocide(双粘附词素）bio+cide第一章：词的概述Supplementary:4.Inflectional&derivational词缀：前缀和后缀从功能角度来看，词缀可以分为屈折词缀(inflectionalaffix)和派生词缀(derivationalaffix)屈折词缀：表达词的语法功能的词缀Heworkshere.Threecupsonthetable,派生词缀：给词增加意义并产生不同词位的词缀分析：irremovableirremovablemoveremovemovableremovableirremovable第一章：词的概述Supplementary:一、英语的家谱Indo-EuropeanlanguagefamilySlavic/Iranian/Germanic/LatvianRomance/Celtic/Greek/Albanian…GermanicEastGermanicNorthGermanicWestGermanicNorwegianIcelandicDanishSwedishEnglishGermanDutch第一章：词的概述Supplementary:欧洲语言的相似性英语拉丁语希腊语梵语德语法语mothermatermetermata