高低语境-跨文化交际

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11Highcontextculture(高语境文化):Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhighcontext.(在高语境文化中,在人们交际时,有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中,或者内化于交际者的心中;相对地讲,明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着,在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。)2Lowcontextculture(低语境文化):Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlowcontext.(在低语境文化中,交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载,相对地讲,只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着,在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。)3GeneralIntroductiontoHigh-contextandLow-contextCulturesAnthropologistEdwardT.Hall’stheoryofhigh-andlow-contextculturehelpsusbetterunderstandthepowerfuleffectculturehasoncommunication.Akeyfactorinhistheoryiscontext.Thisrelatestotheframework,background,andsurroundingcircumstancesinwhichcommunicationoraneventtakesplace.High-contextcultures(includingmuchoftheMiddleEast,Asia,Africa,andSouthAmerica)arerelational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Thismeansthatpeopleintheseculturesemphasizeinterpersonalrelationships.Developingtrustisanimportantfirststeptoanybusinesstransaction.AccordingtoHall,theseculturesarecollectivist,preferringgroupharmonyandconsensustoindividualachievement.Andpeopleintheseculturesarelessgovernedbyreasonthanbyintuitionorfeelings.Wordsarenotsoimportantascontext,whichmightincludethespeaker’stoneofvoice,facialexpression,gestures,posture—andeventheperson’sfamilyhistoryandstatus.AJapanesemanagerexplainedhisculture’scommunicationstyletoanAmerican:―Weareahomogeneouspeopleanddon’thavetospeakasmuchasyoudohere.Whenwesayoneword,weunderstandten,buthereyouhavetosaytentounderstandone.High-contextcommunicationtendstobemoreindirectandmoreformal.Flowerylanguage,humility,andelaborateapologiesaretypical.Low-contextcultures(includingNorthAmericaandmuchofWesternEurope)arelogical,linear,individualistic,andaction-oriented.Peoplefromlow-contextculturesvaluelogic,facts,anddirectness.Solvingaproblemmeansliningupthefactsandevaluatingoneafteranother.Decisionsarebasedonfactratherthanintuition.Discussionsendwithactions.Andcommunicatorsareexpectedtobestraightforward,concise,andefficientintellingwhatactionisexpected.Tobeabsolutelyclear,theystrivetouseprecisewordsandintendthemtobetakenliterally.Explicitcontractsconcludenegotiations.Thisisverydifferentfromcommunicatorsinhigh-contextcultureswhodependlessonlanguageprecisionandlegaldocuments.High-contextbusinesspeoplemayevendistrustcontracts2andbeoffendedbythelackoftrusttheysuggest.3Cross-culturaltips不同语境文化的三个语言表达特点:(一)言外之意我们首先注意到是言语中传情达意成分的多寡。此处的传意成分不同于信息量:如果说信息量是指言语所传递的信息多寡的话,那么传意成分则偏重于信息背后的―意,即那一点点的言外之意。(二)长话短听其次是言语交际中的用语量大小。人们可能会以为,低语境文化的言语交际全靠话语的字面意义来传递信息,因此人们在交际时就不得不使用更多的词语、更长的句子。其实不然。正如我们在前面所提到的,来自低语境文化的人倾向于使用传意成分高的词语,在遣词用字方面讲求精确、直接、不拐弯抹角,每一个词都能起到其实际的传意效果,因此他们的用语量并不大。反观高语境文化。由于人们使用的是传意成分偏低的言语表达方式,词语附带的理解价值也就相对较低,因此人们可能得讲上好几个回合,兼用婉曲、双关甚至反语,才能间接勾勒出其言的理解背景。(三)―面子问题再者,对社会地位和面子问题的考虑,也是高语境文化中不可或缺的重要部分。对于来自低语境文化的美国人、德国人来说,直接提出质问和提出异议,是解决问题的最佳方式。在他们看来,直接是对事不对人,因此不存在尊重与否的问题。3

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