如何写好英语句子书面表达是高考的重点。同学们平常进行了许多书面表达训练,但总是不见大的进步。往往是学生厌恶写作,老师害怕批阅。究其原因,在很大程度上还是因为我们的书面表达训练往往是一写即是整篇,而对于实质性的造句、谋篇技巧几乎没有涉及。其实,书面表达训练首先要从基础抓起,这个基础就是句子。写好一句是写好一篇的前提。怎样才能写好句子呢?这里谈五点:一、合理使用连接与合并手段,使句子结构紧凑。一个句子是否紧凑,要看这个句子的各个成分是否是优化组合了。如果我们只是把所需用的语言材料进行简单的叠加,在表现形式上只停留在“主一谓一宾”或“主一系一表”结构的句子层面上,那么,这样的句子就会显得比较松散,表现力不强。○1Hefinishedtheworkontime.Themanagerpraisedhim.很明显,这两句话所述说的事情之间存在着因果关系,应该优化为:Themanagerpraisedhimbecausehefinishedtheworkontime.或:Themanagerpraisedhimforhisfinishingtheworkontime.○2Theygotupat5thismorningbecausetheywantedtocatchthe6:30traintoXiamen.知果用一个圆周句(主要部分居后,修饰部分居前)就能使句子更加紧凑了。Tocatchthe6:30traintoXiamen,theygotupat5thismorning.○3IrememberthatIpostedtheletter,butIforgettheexacttime.这里尽管用了一个宾语从句,但表现力不如用一个动名词结构强。Irememberpostingtheletter,butIforgettheexacttime.Ourschoolisnowmoreoftenofferingstudentsmoreandmorefreetime.Thisisself-studytimeforthestudents.Theycandowhatevertheythinknecessaryfortheirstudyinthistime.这是一件很有联系的事情,但写作者却没有抓住它们之间的联系,虽然读者知道写作者的意思,但从表达手法上它却给人一种啰嗦的感觉。可以把它们合并成一个复合句。○4Ourschoolisnowmoreoftenofferingthestudentsmoreandmoreself-studytime,duringwhichtheycandowhatevertheythinknecessaryfortheirstudy.在叙述平行信息时,我们很容易犯甲、乙、丙、丁简单罗列的毛病。○5Hewalkeddownthestreet.Hefoundthehousehewanted.Hewentupthesteps.Hehesitatedamoment.Thenherangthebell.这五个句子分别是对一个人连续五个动作的描写,不应用这种列表式的方法来描写。可以写为:Walkingdownthestreet,hefoundthehousehewanted.Hequicklywentupthesteps,buthesitatedforamomentbeforeherangthebell.○6Iwritethislettertointroducemyfriendtoyou.HisnameisLiHongda.Heisamanof24.HeismyneighborandheisaPartymember.Heisl.77meterstallandhealthy.HestudiedadvertisingdesigninauniversityandhestudiedquitewellandgraduatedfromitthisJuly.这六个句子没有什么结构上的毛病,但全都是主谓宾(主系表)顺序的简单句。整体读来很松散。假如我们调整一下对这些信息的陈述方式,读起来的感觉就不一样了。I'mwritingtointroducemyneighbor,whoisalsomyfriend,toyou.HisnameisLiHongda,aPartymember.Asayoungmanof24,Liisastallasl.77meters.HeoncestudiedadvertisingdesigninauniversityandinJulythisyearhegraduatedtherewithgoodachievements.二、用不同的句型来使句子结构丰富多变。一篇文章,一段文字是否有较强的可读性,引人人胜.很大程度上取决于组成这些段、篇的句子的丰富性、多样性。如果一篇文章中句子在长度、结构和类型等方面没有(或缺少)变化,就会使整个文章缺乏感染力,读来单调乏味,自然不是好文章了。要使句子丰富多变,可以从以下几个方面人手。1.长、短句相间,避免连续使用不连贯的短句。○1Whenhewas16yearsold,hehadtostopschooling,becausehehadahealthproblem.在整个句子里,有两个从句修饰一个主句。主句也好,从句也好,都是单调的平叙句,不如写成:Attheageof16,hehadtostopschoolingbecauseofhishealthproblem.○2Ireturnedtomyoldschoollastweek.Ifoundithadchangedalot.IsawthattwonewbuildingsarestandingontheleftandrightsideandIalsosawalargeplaygroundatthebackoftheteachingbuilding.这一系列的“看到”都是平铺直叙,可以调整为:Lastweek,whenIreturnedtomyoldschool,Ifoundgreatchangesthere.OntheleftandrightsidestandsanewbuildingeachandatthebackoftheteachingbuildingIsawalargeplayground.2.交替使用直接引证和间接引语。○3Iaskedtheboywherehelivedandhisfather'sormother'sname.Hesaidhedidn'tknow.Heonlysaidhishousewasbigandhismotherhadtakenhimthere.达样叙述虽然也能说明一件事,但适当地用上一些直接引语,所述情景就会鲜活起来:Iaskedtheboywherehelivedandhisfather'sormother'sname.“Idon'tknow,hesaid,“Myhouseisbig,mymothertookmehere.”3.灵活安排主谓宾顺序。○4Iwillalwaysrememberyourfavor.I'veneverseensuchawonderfulfilmbefore.为了强调,可以这样写:Yourfavorlwillalwaysremember.NeverbeforehaveIseensuchawonderfulfilm.4.灵活处理句子中修饰性短语或插入语的位置。句子中有些修饰语(一般是状语)或插入语如果处理得适度灵活,可以改变句子的单一性,增强句子的多样性。○5Iwanttoreadthepoemonceagain,it'ssowellwritten.句子中的onceagain是一个副词性的词组,可以有不同的位置:Onceagain,Iwanttoreadthepoem,it'ssowellwritten.Iwant,onceagain,toreadthepoem,it'ssowellwritten.○6Theparentsshookhandswiththesaviortotheirson,excitedandthankful.还可以写成:Theparents,excitedandthankful,shookhandswiththesaviortotheirson.Theparentsshookhands,excitedandthankful,withthesaviortotheirson.同样,插入语也可以有不同的位置。○7Ofcourse,thisisthebestchoice.This,ofcourse,isthebestchoice.Thisisthebestchoice,ofcourse.5.恰当使用主动、被动语态。一般而言,主动语态比被动语态更能传递感情,但当要强调动作的承受者而非执行者时,使用被动语态则效果更佳。○8Heisafamousheroinourplace.Peopleeverywheretalkabouthisgooddeeds.这样表现有两点不足:其一,两句话说的同一个人的事,前句主语是He,后句突起另一个主语people,两句之间联接不紧;其二,前句说他是ahero,读者急切想知道他更多的情况,所以写作者应该用被动语态,突出有关情况,写成:Heisafamousheroinourplaceandhisdeedsaretalkedaboutbypeopleeverywhere.○9I'mtheonlychildinmyfamily.Iamlovedandtakengoodcareofbymyparents.Athome,manyofmyownthingsaredonebymyparents.SometimesIdon'tfeelitisgoodforme,soIaskthemtoletmedowhatImustdo.这里,画线部分的被动语态用得不好,使人感到别扭,不如用主动语态。6.交替使用陈述和引用。○10Iwasinthekitchen,andlwascookingsomething.SuddenlyIheardaloudnoisefromthefront.Ithoughtmaybesomeonewasknockingatthedoor.IaskedwhoitwasbutIheardnoreply.AfterawhileIsawmycatrunningacrosstheparlor.Irealizeditwasthecat.Ifeltreleased.这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字叙述,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中的句子都是一个模式,缺乏改变,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可以作如下调整:Iwasinthekitchencookingsomething.Suddenlyaloudnoisecamefromthefront.Thinkingsomeonewasknockingatthedoor,Iasked,Who?Noreply.Afterawhile,Isawmycatrunningacrosstheparlor.“It'syou.”Isaid,quitereleased.7.变换使用松散句、循环句和平衡句。主要信息居于句前,辅助信息居于句后的句子称为松散句。反之,则称为循环句。○11Theydidn'tfinishtheworkintimebecauseofthethree-week-longrain.(松散句)Hisinterestwasintechnology,buthewasenrolledinalanguageuniversity.(松散句)Theschoollooksmorebeautifulwithallthetreesgrowingtall.(松散句)松散句的特点是没有高潮,它是一种轻松、自然的陈述方式,因此读者感到前后信息的重要性是一样的,没有偏重。循环句可以起到一种引起读者注意的修辞效果,因为句子的高潮、重点放在句末。上述句子可