Invented-words(英语新词)

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InventedWordsNewwordsappearinEnglisheveryday.Doyouknowhowthesewordsareborn?ReadthefollowingpassagetofindvariouswaysEnglishwordsareinvented.英语中每天都有新词出现。你知道这些词是怎么产生的吗?阅读下文你就能找到造英语单词的各种方法。ScholarsguessthatEnglishhasabout600000words,butthereareprobablymore.Newwordscontinuetocomeintothelanguageatsucharatethatnodictionarycouldpossiblykeepupwiththem.TheoldwordswhichwereborncenturiesagointheAnglo-Saxon,GermanicandFrenchlanguagesmakeupfourfifthsoftheEnglishlanguage.Theotheronefifthismadeuppartlyofborrowedwordsandpartlyofthreeotherkindsofwords:wordsfromthenamesofpeoplesandplaces;imitativewords;andinventedwords.学者们估计英语大约有600000个单词,不过也许更多。新的词语不断进入英语,其速度之快,大概没有一本字典能跟得上。几个世纪以前,源于盎格鲁•撒克逊语、日尔曼语以及法语的原有词汇,占英语的五分之四。余下的五分之一,一部分由外来词组成,另外的部分由其它三种词组成,它们是:表示人名、地名的专有名词;象声词以及新造的词。Ampere,voltandwattareallunitsofelectricity,andtheyarenamedforthemenwhodiscoveredthem;AndreM.Ampere,aFrenchphysicist;AlessandroVolta,anItalianphysicist;andJamesWatt,aScottishengineerandinventor.Nowadayswealldrinkpasteurizedmilk,thatis,milkwhichiscleanandpurified.PasteurizedgetsitsnamefromLouisPasteur,aFrenchdoctorwhoinventedtheprocessforpurifyingmilk.TherearemanywordslikethisintheEnglishlanguage.安培、伏特和瓦特都是电学的计量单位,它们都是用发现者的名字命名的,他们分别是是法国物理学家安德烈•M•安培、意大利物理学家阿勒森德罗•伏特、苏格兰工程师兼发明家詹姆士•瓦特。今天我们都喝用巴氏灭菌法消毒的牛奶,这种奶即清又纯。巴氏灭菌法便得名于法国医生路易斯•巴斯德,是他发明了消毒牛奶的制作方法。在英语中像这样的词有许多。Imitativewordsarewordsthatsoundlikethethingoractiontheystandfor.Herearesomeexamples:buzzclickbangmumblechirpbawlcrashclapmuttergigglehumgulpThereisnoneedtosayanythingelseaboutthesewords,fortheyspeakforthemselves.Youcanprobablythinkofmanymore.象声词代表它们模仿的事物或行为的声音。现举例如下:嗡嗡滴答砰砰咕哝喳喳嚎啕扑通啪啪嘀咕咯咯嘤嘤呼哧对于上述单词无需再作任何解释,因为它们不言自明。或许你还可以想出更多类似的单词来。Thentherearetheinventedwords.English-speakingpeoplehavealwaysmadeupwordsasitsuitedthem,andtheycontinuetodosoeveryday.Onekindofinventedwordisonewhichismadeupoftwootherwords.Dictionariescallthiskindofwordacompound.Ifyouputplayandthingtogether,yougetthecompound,plaything.Howmanycanyouaddtothislist?raincoatmilkshakeupstairsstandstillheadlightshutoutsailboatdownstairsincomeheadline接下来是新造的词。讲英语的人总是根据需要创造词汇,而且每天仍在这样做。一种新造的词是由另外两个词构成的。字典里将这种词称为复合词。如果把“玩耍”和“物品”放在一起,我们就可以得到复合词“玩具”。你还能为下表添加多少类似的词呢?雨衣奶昔楼上停顿前灯关闭帆船楼下收入标题Aswellasputtingtwowholewordstogether,wealsoaddpartsofwordscalledprefixesandsuffixestothewholewords.MostprefixesandsuffixescomefromLatinorGreek,andeachhasaspecialmeaningofitsown.Whenweaddaprefixbeforeawordorasuffixattheendofit,wechangeitsmeaning.Forexample,theprefixre-meansagain.Ifweaddre-todoorpaint,wegettwonewwordsmeaningdoagainandpaintagain.Un-meanstheoppositeofornot.Byaddingun-tohappyorkind,wegetunhappyorunkind,meaningnothappyandnotkind.Thesuffix-nessmeanstheconditionof.Happinessandkindnessaretheconditionsofbeinghappyandkind.Itiseasytoseethemeaningsofunhappinessandunkindness.Thewordtowhichweattachtheprefixesandsuffixesiscalledtherootword.Inawordlikeunkindnesstherootwordiskind.除了把两个词放在一起之外,我们还可以给单词添加一些成分,即前缀和后缀。大多数前缀和后缀来自拉丁语和希腊语,而且它们都有自己特别的意义。当我们在词的前面加前缀或在其后面加后缀时,我们就改变了它的意思。例如,前缀re-意思为“再”。如果把re-加到“作”或者“画”的前面,我们就得到了两个新词,意思为“再作一次”和“再画一次”。Un-意思为“相反的”或者“不”。把un-加到“快乐的”或者“和蔼的”前边,我们就得到了“不快乐”和“不和蔼”。后缀-ness意思为“……状态”。“happiness”和“kindness”指快乐和仁慈的状态。这样就很容易理解“unhappiness”和“unkindness”两个词的意思了。被加上前缀和后缀的词称为词根。像“unkindness”一词的词根是“kind”。Somewords,likeastronaut,aremadeupentirelyofGreekorLatinprefixesandsuffixes.Astro-isaGreekprefixmeaninghavingtodowiththestars;naut-meanshavingtodowithsailing.So,anastronautisastar-sailor.Otherwordscanberootwords,prefixesorsuffixes,dependingonwheretheycomeintheword.Remember,theprefixcomesfirst,therootwordsecond,andthesuffixlast.Asanexample,let'stakethewordgraphandbuildseveraldifferentinventedwordswithitbyaddingprefixesandsuffixestoitorusingitasaprefixorsuffix.Graphbyitselfmeansanythingwhichisshowntousinpicturesorwriting.Forinstance,yourteachermightwanttokeeptrackofyourreadingprogressbydrawingagraphofyourreadingtestscores,orabusinessmanmightdrawgraphswhichshowtheupsanddownsofhiscompany'ssalesrecords.Now,byaddingtheprefixesandsuffixeslistedbelowtograph,wecanmakeseveralnewwords.Noticethatgraphispartofalongersuffixaswellasasuffixbyitself.Prefixesauto-selfbio-lifephono-soundphoto-lighttele-distantSuffixes-graphystudyof;artof-graphsomethingwritten-icsimilarto;like-ologystudyof-phonesound有些词,如宇航员,完全是由希腊语或者拉丁语的前缀和后缀构成的。Astro-是希腊语前缀,意思为“与星星有关”;naut-意思为“与航行有关”。所以,宇航员就是“星球航行者”。其它的词也可以成为词根、前缀或者后缀,这取决于它们在单词里所处的位置。切记,前缀在最前面,词根其次,最后是后缀。现以“图表”一词为例,通过添加前缀和后缀,或者将它本身作为一个前缀或者后缀,可以用它造出许多不同的新词来。图表本身是指通过图画或者文字呈现出来的事物。例如,你的老师可能想通过绘制一份阅读测试分数图表来了解你的读书过程,或者一个商人想通过绘制图表来显示他的公司销售纪录的变化。现在,给图表这个词增加下表中列出的前缀和后缀,我们可以造出许多新词。注意,图表一词除了本身是个后缀以外,还是另一个更长的后缀中的一部分。前缀auto-自己-bio-生物,生平-phono-声-photo-光-tele-远-后缀-graphy-学,-术-graph-书,写-ic-似的-ology-学-phone-声以下是由“graph”构成的词:autograph-签名;人们用手写的自己的名字biography-某人生平故事autobiography-个人撰写的自己生平的故事graphology-书法研究telegraph-远距离写作(电报)phonograph-用声音记录的文字和图片photograph-用光记录的文字和图片photography-拍摄照片的艺术graphic-清晰的书写或画的Youmayhavenoticedthatyoucanmakeevenotherwordsusingsomeoftheseprefixesandsuffixeswithoutgraph.Biologyisthestudyoflife.Whatdoyouthinkisthemeaningofbiologic?Iftheprefixant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