过去完成时

过去完成时一．定义及结构定义表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件.它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”,侧重事情的结果.结构主语+had+动词过去分词二．句型结构句型结构①肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词+其它.②否定句：主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其它.③疑问句：Had+主语+动词过去分词+其它?肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+hadn't.④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+过去分词+其它？三．过去完成时的用法用法例句表示过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,可用by、before、until、since等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,,或者通过上下文表示.一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语.与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by+过去的时间点bytheendof+过去的时间点before+过去的时间点BythetimeIwentoutside,thebushadalreadyleft.WhenIgottoschool,IrealizedIhadleftmybackpackathome.TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.Itwasthethirdtimethathehadbeenoutofworkthatyear.Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.表示“一……就”的几个句型Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+一般过去时Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式；Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHualeftschool3yearsago.过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.这种用法常出现在：（1）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句.（2）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时.（3）表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图.意为原本…,未能…（4）根据上、下文来判定（1）宾语从句中Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.她说她已经看过这部电影了（2）状语从句中Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.做完作业后,他上床睡觉了注意：before,after引导的时间状语从句中,由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,用一般过去时表示过去完成时,则主、从句都用一般过去时.Afterheclosedthedoor,helefttheclassroom.Afterhe(had)lefttheroom,thebosscamein.Wearrivedhomebeforeitsnowed.（3）表示意向的动词Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.我们原本希望你来,但你没有来.（4）根据上、下文来判定ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.我昨天在街上遇见了王滔.自从他去北京,我们都没有见过面四．与现在完成时的区别现在完成时过去完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以now的时间为基点,但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它比较：Ihavelearned1000Englishwordssofar.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词Ihadlearned1000Englishwordstillthen.到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词—I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.对不起,让你久等了—Oh,notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyafewminutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟五．与一般过去时的区别1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间.比较：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.2.过去完成时表示过去的过去,不单独使用,一般和一般过去式一起使用WhenIgottoschool,IrealizedIhadleftmybackpackathome.3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外,在before,after,assoonas引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时.Heenteredtheroom,turnedonthelightandreadaneveningpaper.【大展身手】1．WhenIgottothecinema，thefilmfortheminutes．A．hasbegunB．hadbegunC．hadbeenonD．wason2．Hetothelabthanhesetouttodotheexperiment．A．hasnosoonergotB．wassupposedtoC．willnosoonergetD．hadnosoonergot3．Hesteppedintotheoffice，downandbegantofillintheforms．A．sittingB．tositC．satD．havingsat4．Thelittlegirlherheartoutbecauseshehertoybearandbelievedshewasn’tevergoingtofindit．A．hadcried；1ostB．cried；hadloseC．hascried；haslostD．cries；has1ost5ThepenIIisonmydesk，rightundermynose．A．think；lostB．thought；hadlostC．think；hadlostD．thought；have1ost6.JohnandIfriendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butweeachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.（02北京春季）A.hadbeen;haveseenBhavebeen;haveseenC.hadbeen;hadseenDhavebeen;hadseen7.Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I______forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.（03北京）A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.know8．Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhehersomewhere.（04湖北）A．sawB．hasseenC．seesD．hadseen9．—GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?—No,I.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?（04湖北）A．wasnotinvitedB．havenotbeeninvitedC．hadn’tbeeninvitedD．didn’tinvite10.Iarrivedlate;I_____theroadtobesoicy.（04北京春季）A.wouldn’texpectB.haven’texpectedC.hadn’texpectedD.wasn’texpecting11.He_________morethat5,000Englishwordswhenheenteredtheuniversityattheageof15?(05北京卷)A.haslearnedB.wouldhavelearnedC.learnedD.hadlearned12.Thepoliceman'sattentionwassuddenlycaughtbyasmallboxwhich______placedundertheMinister'scar.(05广东卷)A.hasbeenB.wasbeingC.hadbeenD.wouldbe13.Whentheoldman______towalkbacktohishouse,thesun_____itselfbehindthemountain.（05湖北卷）A．started;hadalreadyhiddenB．hadstarted;hadalreadyhiddenC．hadstarted;washidingD．wasstarting;hid14.—Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.—Oh!Ithoughtthey______withoutme.(05江西卷)A．wentB．aregoingC．havegoneD．hadgone15.WhenMarkopenedthedoor,hesawawomanstandingthere.He__herbefore.（05北京春季）A.neversawB.hadneverseenC.neverseesD.hasneverseen16.—We＿＿thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek.—I’msorry.I＿＿to,butI’vebeentoobusy.A.hadexpected；hadintendedB.areexpecting；hadintendedC.expect；intendD.expected；intend17.—Alicecamebackhomethedaybeforeyesterday.—Really?Where＿＿?A.hasshebeenB.hadshebeenC.hasshegoneD.hadshegone18.—＿＿you＿＿theeditorattheairport?—No,he＿＿awaybeforemyarrival.A.Have...met；hasdrivenB.Had...met；wasdrivenC.Did...meet；hadbeendrivenD.Have...met；haddriven19.Thevegetablesdidn’ttasteverygood.Th