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江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX1.WhatarethegenerallinguisticfeaturesofEnglishacademicwriting?(10%）A1:Thereareeightmainfeaturesthatareoftendiscussedtorepresentthestyleofacademicwriting:complex,formal,objective,explicit,accurate,hedged,responsibleandmakingreferencetootherwriters’work.2.Comparethestylisticfeaturesofthefollowingtwopassages.(15%)(1)Withthemaidholdingtheumbrellaoverher,shewalkedalongthegravelpathuntilshewasundertheirwindow.Thetablewasthere,washedbrightgreenintherain,butthecatwasgone.Shewassuddenlydisappointed.Themaidlookedupather.“Haperdutoqualquecosa,Signora?[Haveyoulostsomething,Madam?]”“Therewasacat,”saidthe?Americangirl.“Acat?”“Si,ilgatto.[Yes,acat.]”“Acat?”themaidlaughed.“Acatintherain?”“Yes,”shesaid,“underthetable.”Then:“Oh.Iwanteditsomuch.Iwantedakitty.”WhenshespokeEnglishthemaid’sfacetightened.“Come,Signora,”shesaid.“Wemustgetbackinside.Youwillbewet.”“Isupposeso,”saidtheAmericangirl.Theywentbackalongthegravelpathandpassedinthedoor.Themaidstayedoutsidetoclosetheumbrella.AstheAmericangirlpassedtheoffice,thepadronebowedfromhisdesk.Somethingfeltverysmallandtightinsidethegirl.Thepadronemadeherfeelverysmallandatthesametimereallyimportant.Shehadamomentaryfeelingofbeingofsupremeimportance.Shewentonupthestairs.Sheopenedthedooroftheroom.Georgewasonthebed,reading.------ExcerptedfromashortstorybyHemingway(2)Thereisnowwidespreadagreementthatthechangesnowunderwayintheearth'sclimatesystemhavenoprecedentinthehistoryofhumancivilization(IPCC,2007andStern,2007).Asamacro-driverofmanykindsofenvironmentalchangessuchascoastalerosion,decliningprecipitationandsoilmoisture,increasedstormintensity,andspeciesmigration,climatechangeposesriskstohumansecurity(McCarthy,Canziani,Leary,Dokken,&White,2001).Inmostpartsoftheworld,theimpactsofclimatechangeonsocial–ecologicalsystemswillbeexperiencedthroughbothchangesinmeanconditions(suchastemperature,sea-level,andannualprecipitation)overlong-timescales,butalsothroughincreasesintheintensityandinsomecasesfrequencyoffloods,droughts,stormsandcyclones,fires,heatwaves,andepidemics.Outsideoftheseshort-andlong-termchanges,whichareprojectedtooccurwithhighlevelsofcertainty,therealsoexistsomewhatmoreunquantifiablerisksofhigh-impactevents.Theseincludemeltingofglaciersandpermafrostwhichmayaddseveralmeterstoglobalsea-levels,collapseofthethermohalinecirculationwhichmaycausesignificantregionalclimatechangesinthenorthernhemisphere,andlargescaleshiftsintheAsianmonsoonandtheElNinoSouthernOscillationphenomenon(OppenheimerandAlley,2004,VellingaandWood,2007andSchneideretal.,2007).----“Climatechange,humansecurityandviolentconflict”,PoliticalGeography,Vol.26,Issue6,Aug.2007,P640A2:3.Whataregeneralfunctionsofintroduction?(5%)A3:Generallyspeaking,thesuccessfulintroductionofapapershouldhavethefollowingfourfunctionstofacilitatethecommunicationprocess.introducingthesubject;limitingtheresearchscope;statingthegeneralpurpose;showingthewritingarrangement.4.Revisethefollowingabstract.(10%)Asweallknow,waterislife.Inthat,wecannotlivewithoutit.Forsometimenow,theissueofourwatersystemhasbecomeanimportantissuetofocuson.Therehavebeenmanywaterproblemsduetoenvironmentaldegradations,suchaswaterpollution.Wemustbeawareoftheimportanceofwaterinoursocietyandtheneedtoprotectandpreventitfrompollution.ThispaperintroducesthesurveyofwaterresourcesinZhenjiang,andthenexplainsthesourcesanddistributionofthemajorwaterpollutioninthecity.Throughthedataanalysisof5-years’industrialwaterandlivingwater,itpointsouttheeffectivenessofwaterpollutioncontrolofZhenjiangandsomeproblemsthatstillneededtoberesolved.Waterpollutionhasagreateffectonthesocialenvironment.Thecontrolstrategiescouldbeproposedtoreducewaterpollutionandpurifytheenvironment,suchastheconsolidationoflawsystem,thepreventionandmonitoringofwater,thepromotionofwater-savingtechnologies,theintroductionofprocessingtechniqueandtreatmentofwastewater,etc.5.Whatarethegeneralrequirementsforresearchdescription?(5%)A5:(1)Presentingapictureoftheobject(2)Illustratingtheobjectinartificiallanguage(3)Makingnecessarycomparison(4)Sizingtheobjectspecially(5)Locatingtheobjectcorrectly(6)Generalizing/systematizingtheobservationcarefully6.Readthefollowingsectionandanalyzethemethodsofdevelopment.(10%)Thedifferentarchitecturalstyleandspaceenvironmentoftheoldcityistheinfluenceofthevariouscultureimpactoncitiesbyconstrstingthespacecharacterandthehousingconstructionoftheeasterncitiesandwesterncities.First,wewilldiscussthedevelopmentofwesterncultureandtheformationofthecitiesinthehistoricalperspective.Thenwewillconcludethewesternculturalcharacteranditsimpactoncityformation.Forexample,thewesternnotionofpublicmoreimportantthanprivacyhaveinfluencedthecityarrangementexpresedbythebuildingslocatedsurroundingacentralsquare,showninthefollowingfigure.Second,wewillspecicallyanalyzehowtheChinesetraditinalcultrueinfluenceonthehistoricalformationoftheoldcitythatembodiedthespirtioftheChinesepeople.TheEasternsocialstructurhasbeencharacterizedwiththestricthierarchyandconcernedwithfamilysystmedevelopedthroughlonghistory,andt