1阅读技巧讲座(主旨大意题)2如何做主旨大意题•做此类题目时,首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意,可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉,进行综合归纳,概括文章的主题。如有标题,标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外,任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的,因此,许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。•04年全国卷1(河南等)E篇中major出现过八次,尽管其词性、词义有所不同,但它就是关键词。<还有特例:见试题案例探究1>3一、题型特点•这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心句;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,难度较大,属于高层次题。4二、题干表现形式:1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:•Themainideaofthepassageis…•Thepassageismainlyabout…•Thepassageismainlydiscusses…•Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?•Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2).目的类主旨大意题•Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…•Thepassageismeantto….•Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…3).标题类主旨大意题•Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe…•Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe5三、应试技巧一、主题句的特点•主题句所表达的意思具有概括性•句子结构简单明了,作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句•文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.6应试技巧如何寻找主题句•Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.(1)主题句在段首。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。7Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworld'sradioprogramsareinEnglish.本段主题句为首句,其后的内容均说明首句。8•ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid…•“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.Shusaid.(2)首尾呼应为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见.通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味9(3)主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。10例:Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlyattractyourattention:ColorTV,only$79.Two-daysale.Hurry.However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy,youmaydiscoverthattheadvertisedsetsaresoldout.Butthesalesmanisquicktoreassureyouthathehasanothermodel,amorereliablesetwhichisjustrightforyou.Itcosts$359.Thissalestacticiscalledbaitandswitch.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesoffer,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermorecostlyitem.Buyingitemsonsalerequirescarefulconsiderationofthemerchandise(商品)andthereasonsforthesale.1.Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea?A)Thecustomermustbeonhisguardwhenpurchasingitemsonsale.B)Colortelevisionsetswhichsellfor$79aresoldoutquickly.C)Manystoresusethebaitandswitchtechniquetoattractcustomers.D)Anyoneplanningtobuyatelevisionsetshouldlookforasale.2.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled____.A)BuyerBewareB)CloseoutSaleC)CrimePaysD)BuyingaTVSet作者从一则电视机的广告入手,介绍了降价推销的惯用手段,称为“baitandswitch”(廉售某种不打算出卖的商品,意在诱人购买昂贵的物品)。最后笔锋一转,点出作者的真正意图,即本段的主题句,告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。11•Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.(4)短文中间通常前面只提出问题,文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.12•JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat'swrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefuses.toletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.有时段落是先介绍背景和细节,接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例,然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现,但不一定就是在正中间。Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun13Foradultsacoldisnotthatserious.However,thisisnotthecaseforchildren.Coldsymptomsinchildrenmaybesighsofmoreseriousdiseasesandshouldbegivenpromptmedicalattention.本段主题句为第二句,因为在however后面才是作者真正的看法,并在下文中进一步作了说明。当主题句被安排在段中间时,作者往往从具体的事例谈起,随之归纳出主题,然后再围绕这一主题展开讨论,使立论更加清楚,具有很强的说服力,即以“立”为主,对正面观点进行阐述。14(5)无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节,进行全面考虑,综合分析,然后找出共同的东西,归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。15•Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthroughheavytraffic.Alldaylong,thedriveranswersthesamequestionswithoutbecomingangry.Everyfewminutesabusdriverhastoaskpassengerstosteptothebackofthebus.Inspiteoftrafficsnarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays,abusdriverisexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule.这一段的隐含主题句可概括为:Drivingabusishardwork16应试技巧选项分析•正确选项的特点–含有抽象名词和概括性词语.四个选项中,含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance等词的选项一般是正确选项.–四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项–那些概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,说明道理的选项一般是答案项,而选项内容片面,单一的内容一般是错误选项.17•错误选项的特点–以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话.–过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.–把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.–无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息18