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英语的虚词与实词虚词介词、代词、连词、冠词、数词虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词:而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，虚词没有词形的变化：一、冠词(art..)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the.1.不定冠词:a，an2.定冠词：the二、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind,across,against,along,around,among,before,below,beneath,besides,beyond,despite,during,except,front,including,inside,like,into,next,near,of,onto,out,outof,outside,over,owningto,per,regarding,since,through,till,towards,under,unlike,until,up,upon,via,while,with,within,without…1.简单介词：是由一个单词构成的介词。可分为三类：①普通介词:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to，with等②合成介词:如onto，into，within等③分词介词：如including等2.二重介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。如：frombehind，sincebefore，untilafter等3.短语介词：是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。如：infrontof，becauseof，insteadof等三、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词：After,although,also,and,anywhere,as,aslongas,assoonas,because,before,both…and…but,considering,either…or…evenif,evenso,eventhough,,everywhere,for,hence,however,if,incase,inorderthat,insteadof,likewise,never,nevertheless,notonly…butalso,nowthat,once,or,otherwise,regardless,since,so,sothat,suchthat,thus,till,until,unless,when,whenever,wherever,whether,where,while…1.并列连词①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：and，both…and，aswellas，notonly…butalso，neither…nor等②表示转折关系的并列连词:but，yet，while等③表示选择关系的并列连词：or，either…or等④表示因果关系的并列连词：for，so等2.从属连词：是引导从句的连词①引导名词性从句的连词：that，whether，if②引导副词性从句的连词：when，while，as，since，before，after，once，assoonas，until，till，because，nowthat，although，though，evenif，eventhough，nomatterhow，nomatterwhat，whatever，however，whether…or，if，unless，solongas，aslongas，inorderthat，sothat，so…that，asif，asthough，than，where，wherever等四、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：all,another,any,anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,every,everybody,everything,he,her,himself,themselves,itself,I,it,me,mine,yours,neither,nobody,none,nothing,other,others,so,some,something,someone,that,these,they,this,those,us,what,whatever,when,whenever,who,whoever,whose,…五、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello一篇文章10个空，一般7个空是有提示词的，相当于用所给词的正确形式填空；另外3个是没有提示词的，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。1）.名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。①.Ayoungman,whiletravelingthroughadesert,cameacrossaspringofclearwater.________waterwassweet.②.Besides,shoppingatthistimeoftheyearwasnot________pleasantexperience.③.Theyoungmanwenthome________ahappyheart.④.MoYanwontheNobelPrizefor________greatworks.⑤._______timegoingby,theboyhasgrownintoastrongman.⑥.Thegirldanced______themusicofPaulMallrat’sband.（2）.缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。①.Herearetwobags.Theblue________ismine.②.Suddenlythewallmoved——________wasmadeoftrees.③.Newtechnologieshavemade_________possibletoturnoutnewproductsfaster.④._________isimportantforourstudentstoexerciseonehoureveryday.（3）.并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词and,but,or等。①.Eachwinnerreceivesagoldmedal,adiploma________asumofmoney.②.Hewasverytiredfromdoingthisforawholeday,________hefeltveryhappy.③.Whichdoyouprefer,folkmusic________popmusic?（4）.两句之间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（what，which，who,how,when等）。比如宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。①.Finallyhereachedalonelyisland________wascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld.②.________hardyourtry,itisdifficulttoloseweight.③.Ifyouhappentogetlostinthewild,you’dbetterstay________youare.④.________wehaveenoughevidence,wecannotwinthecase.⑤.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.⑥.Atthesametime,therehadbeenagrowingnumberofoverseasstudents________camebacktoChinaafterstudy.⑦.Myfaceturnedredonhearing________mymothersaid.⑧._______shecouldn’tunderstandwas_______fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.⑨.Itwastheabilitytodothejob____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.⑩.Nosoonerhadshegoneout___________astudentcametovisither.实词是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端：1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange.2、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange.3、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.4、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see.5、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：well，very，here，often，quietly，slowly.构词法WordFormation在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、合成Compounding两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1.直接写在一起。2.用连字符(-)连接。3.由两个分开的词构成。(1)合成形容词方式例词1形容词＋形容词red-hot2形容词＋名词first-class,full-time,part-time3形容词＋现在分词good-looking,free-thinking,4形容词＋过去分词ready-made5形容词＋名词-edgood-tempered,middle-aged,cold-blooded6名词＋名词-ediron-willed7名词＋形容词world-famous,day-long8名词＋现在分词beauty-loving,freedom-loving,job-hunting,9名词＋过去分词man-made,water-covered,10副词＋形容词ever-green11副词＋现在分词hard-working,far-seeing12副词＋过去分词well-prepared,quickly-cured,well-known13数词＋名词five-year14数词＋名词+形容词five-year-old15数词＋名词-edfour-legged,six-storied(2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词＋动词day-dream2副词＋动词overcome,upturn翻起3形容词＋动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词＋名词horseback,bank-note,newspaper,cellphone,2形容词＋名词back-yard,forehead,3动名词＋名词hidingplace,reading-room4动词＋副词get-off,breakin,5副词＋动词output,overflow(4)合成副词however,maybe,wherever,whenever,forever(5)合成代词whoever,,whatever,everyone,nobody,myself,something,anything,二、派生Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在……arise,aside,aloneen-使可能enrich,enable,enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy,dishonest,disapp