1一.表能力Can/beableto表现在的能力;willbeableto表将来的能力;could/was/wereableto表过去的能力如:Iamstarvingtodeath.Icaneattwobowlsofricenow.现在的能力Ifyouhaveagoodsleep,youwillbeabletoworkoutthisproblem.将来的能力Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.(过去有能力做并且成功地做了某事)Icouldhaveworkedouttheproblem,butIdidn’t.(过去有能力做但未做)单项选择○1Ishouldhavebeenthere,butI______notfindthetime.A.wouldB.couldC.mightD.should○2Inspiteofmanydifficulties,he_______savetheboyfromtheruins.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto二.表推测(可能性)1.可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。所谓客观的(理论的)可能性即不涉及具体某事是否发生,此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性,而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,can一般不用于肯定句。如:Accidentcanhappenonsuchrainydays.客观的可能性Petermaycomewithustonight,butheisn’tsureyet.(实际可能性,不用can)2.表具体事情实际发生的可能性:(1)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较(见下表):词形肯定式否定式疑问式Must必定,必然//Will很可能,大概不会,不该会---吗?Would可能性比will小语气比won’t弱语气比will吗Should说话者有较大的试探性//Oughtto说话者有较大的试探性(含义同should)//Can/不可能有可能吗?Could可疑的可能不可能语气比can弱May或许,也许,也未可知,也说不定可能不/Might比may还弱比maynot还弱/(2)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,may,must常用于肯定句,一般不用于否定句和疑问句(maynot表示“可能不”):can常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中,表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信的意思;could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中。如:Thiscan’t/couldn’tbedonebyhim.(表示不相信)Thismaynotbedonebyhim.(表示不确定)Hecouldbeonhiswayhomenow.(could不如may/might常用)Canthisbedonebyhim?(表示疑惑、惊讶)Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.Howcanitbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony?(表示疑惑、惊讶)2Ididn’thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.(表肯定)----AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?----I’mnotsure.Imightgototheconcertinstead.(表不确定)〖题组训练〗用can,could,may,might,must填空○3Sorry,I’mlate.I_______haveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.○4That_______notbeMary.She’sinhospital.○5How________youbesostupid?3.would,could,should,might并不一定与过去时间有关,而是表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式。如:Thismay/mightbedonebyhim.(后者比前者语气弱)4.should/oughtto表推测时,表示说话者有较大的试探性。如:Heoughtto/shouldbehereintime---hestartedearlyenough.Weshouldarrivebeforedark.Theroadsshouldbelesscrowedtoday.三.表请求、允许、允诺1.当对方是决策者时,你代表你(们)自己(I,we)或代表第三者(he,she,they)向对方(you)请示或提出建议时用:○1ShallI(we)---?○2Shallhe/she/they----?○3Would/willyou---?如:Shallwebeginourclass?Shallthedriverwaitoutside?Whenshallmyfatherbeabletoleavehospital?Wouldyoudomeafavor?2.could/might/would/should表委婉语气的功能。如:---could/mightIuseyourbiketomorrowmorning?---Yes,youcan/may.(否定:No,I’mafraidnot)不可说:Yes,youcould/might.回答允许时,用could/might表委婉是不恰当的。如:---couldIborrowyourdictionary?---Yes,ofcourseyoucan.〖题组训练〗单项填空:○6—Theroomisdirty.________wecleanit?----ofcourse.A.WillB.ShallC.wouldD.Do○7---_________hecometoseeyou?----ofcourse,please.AndI’dratherhetoldmethetruth.A.WillB。ShallC.WouldD.Do3.当你自己(I)是决策者,给对方(you)或第三者(he,she,they)以命令、警告、允诺或威胁时,要用shall。此外,当宣布法律、规定时,也要用shall。如:Youshallleavetheroomatonce,andhealsoshall.=(Iorderyouandhimtoleavetheroomatonce.)Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.〖题组训练〗单项填空:○8Heaskedmeforthisbookmanytimes.Pleasetellhimhe______haveittomorrow.A.mustB.mayC.shallD.bothBandC3○9Ithasbeenannouncedthatallthestudents________putonmasks()beforegoingtoschoolincasetheyareinfectedwithSARSvirus.A.shallB.willC.needD.may四.表必要性1.must常用来表示必要性,意为“必须”。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“must+动词原形”;表示现在或将来不必做某事时,用don’thavetodosth或don’tneedtodosth或needn’tdosth;表示过去没必要做某事时,分为以下情况:○1当表示过去没必要做某事,但事实上却做了,用needn’thavedonesth;○2当表示过去没必要做某事,而不涉及是否已经做了,可用didn’thavetodosth或didn’tneedtodosth或Itwasnotnecessarytodosth等。如。Youneedn’thaveworkedthatlatelastnight.Itwasharmfultoyourhealth.---Didyouworkverylatelastnight?---No,Ididn’t.Ididn’tneedtoworkverylate.2.should也可以表示必要性,意为“(义务上)应该”。Should表必要性时,在语气上比must(必须)弱。“should+动词原形”表示现在或将来应该做某事(的必要性);“should+have+过去分词”表示过去本应该做某事(的必要性)如:Ishouldgoandvisithimthisafternoon,butIwonderifIwillbefree.(表示将来的必要性)Youshouldhavecometotheconferenceyesterday.Whatwasthereasonforyourabsence?(表示过去的必要性)〖题组训练〗完成下列句子○10You________(没必要告诉)herthenewsforIhadtoldheraboutitearlier.○11I________(没必要非得出去)butIwantedabreathoffreshair.○12We________(本该买)anewlockforthefrontdoor.五.表示“宁愿做某事”时,可使用下面这些句式WouldratherdosthWouldratherdosththandosthWoulddosthratherthandosthWouldrathersbdidsthPrefertodosthPrefertodosthratherthandosthPreferdoingsthtodoingsth六.〖情态动词+havedone〗用法一览表情态动词+完成时意义例句Musthavedone“想必/准是/一定做了某事”,否定式为can’t/couldn’thavedoneItmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadwasquitemuddy.Thelightswereout.Theymusthavebeenasleep.Can/couldhavedone○1本来能够○2过去可能会Youcouldhavecome5minutesearlier.Canhehavegonetohisaunt’s?Can/couldnothavedone○1过去不可能○2过去没能IsawMr.Wangjustnow.hecouldn’thavegonetoBeijing.4May/mighthavedone“也许/或许已经---”一般只用于肯定句和否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”),不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。It’stoolate.Ithinkhemayhavegonetobed.Hemaynothavefinishedthework.Shemighthavecaughtacold.Should/oughttohavedone“本该做某事,而实际上未做”Youshouldhavecometothemeetingearlier.Yououghttohavedonethisexercisemorecarefully.Shouldn’t/oughtnottohavedone“本不该做而做了某事”Youshouldn’thavetoldherthetruth.Needn’thavedone表示“做了本来不必去做的事”注意:didn’tneedtodo表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”。Youneedn’thavetakenataxihere,foritwasveryneartomyhouse.Ididn’tneedtocleanthewindows.Mybrotherdidit.Hadbetterhavedone用于事后的建议,含轻微责备的口吻,意为“要是当时做了某事就好了”,其否定式hadbetternothavedone表达相反的含义。Youhadbetterhavestartedearlier.Youhadbette